Lingua Latīna - Lēctiōnēs

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Lambuzhao
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Re: Lingua Latīna - Lēctiōnēs

Post by Lambuzhao »

kanejam wrote: I think I will just leave reflexives alone altogether.
The prudent path, for now. Honestly, it seems speakers of Classical :lat: followed the same route regarding reflexives, unless it was absolutely necessary and added needed clarity.
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Re: Lingua Latīna - Lēctiōnēs

Post by kanejam »

Lēctiō Decem

Exercises to the previous lesson are now up. There is also an edit at the bottom to the section on third declension nouns.


Vocab

It has struck me that while we were learning about Latin's grammar, we hadn't learnt a lot of vocabulary, other than that that a medieval monk might learn after a few weeks in the monastery. So here is some vocab; don't try to learn it all, this is just to give you a taste.

- familia, familiae - f 'family, household'
Spoiler:
- māter, mātris - f 'mother'
- pater, patris - m 'father'
- soror, sororis - f 'sister'
- frāter, frātris - m 'brother

- avia, aviae - f 'grandmother'
- avus, avī - m 'grandfather'
- proavia, proaviae - f 'great-grandmother'
- proavus, proavī - m 'great-grandfather'

- amita, amitae - f 'paternal aunt'
- patruus, patruī - m 'paternal uncle'
- mātertera - f 'maternal aunt'
- avunculus - m 'maternal uncle'
As in English, 'maternal uncle' might mean either your mother's brother or your mother's sibling's husband.

- patruēlis, patruēlis - m/f 'paternal cousin'
- sōbrīnus/sōbrīna sōbrīnī/sōbrīnae - m/f 'maternal cousin'
- neptis, neptis - f 'granddaughter, niece'
- nepōs, nepōtis - m 'grandson, nephew'
- populus, populī - m 'people'
Spoiler:
- fēmina, fēminae - f 'woman'
- mulier, mulieris - f 'woman, wife'
- vir, virī - m 'man, husband' (slightly irregular second declension, its vocative might be vir or vire)
- homō, hominis - m 'man, human'
- mās, maris - 'man, male' (careful, it looks a lot like mare, maris - n 'sea' (i-stem) in some cases)

- uxor, uxōris - f 'wife, spouse'
- marītus/marīta, marītī/marītae - m/f 'husband/wife'
- coniūx, coniugis - m/f 'spouse, partner' (you might also see coniūnx, conjūx, or conjūnx for the nominative singular)

- puer, puerī - m 'boy'
- puella, puellae - f 'girl'
- virgō, virginis - f 'maiden' (can be used to mean young woman)
- īnfāns, īnfantis - m/f 'infant'

- coquus, coquī - m 'cook'
- agricola, agricolae - m 'farmer' (watch out, masculine!)
- pāgānus, pāgānī - m 'countryman, pagan'
- doctus/docta, doctī/doctae - m/f 'learned man/woman'
- dominus/domina, dominī/dominae - m/f 'lord/lady, master'
- vestimenta, vestimentōrum - npl 'clothes' (in the singular it means 'garment')
Spoiler:
- stola, stolae - f 'stola' (traditional Roman women's garment)
- toga, togae - f 'toga' (traditional Roman men's garment)
- tunica, tunicae - f 'tunic' (traditional... whatever a tunic is, also generic word for dress, shirt or coat)

- vestis, vestis - f 'dress' (not an i-stem even though it looks like it)
- camisia, camisiae - f 'shirt' (also indusium, indusiī)
- brācae, brācārum - fpl 'trousers' (usually plural as in English)
- pallium, palliī - n 'coat, cloak' (also amictus, amictūs - fourth declension, don't worry about this yet)

- calceus, calceī - m 'shoe' (also calceāmentum, calceāmentī)
- crepida, crepidae - f 'sandal' (also solea, soleae)
- soccus, soccī - m 'slipper'
- caliga, caligae - f 'boot'
- bestiae, bestiārum - f 'beasts'
Spoiler:
- avis, avis - f 'bird'
- apis, apis - f 'bee'
- piscis, piscis - m 'fish'
- rēptile, rēptilis - n 'reptile' (this one isn't classical)

- asinus, asinī - m 'donkey, ass'
- mūlus, mūlī - m 'mule'
- equus/equa, equī/equae - m/f 'horse/mare'; later caballus, caballī
- bōs, bovis - m/f 'bull/cow', also taurus, taurī - m 'bull, steer' and vacca, vaccae - 'cow (female)'
- ovis, ovis - f 'sheep'
- porcus, porcī - m 'pig'

- canis, canis - m/f 'dog' (not an i-stem)
- fēlēs, fēlis - f 'cat' (i-stem), later cattus, cattī
- mus, muris - m/f 'mouse'
- lepus, leporis - m 'rabbit, hare'
- rattus, rattī - m 'rat'

- lupus, lupī - m 'wolf'
- leō, leōnis - m 'lion'
- serpēns, serpēntis - f 'snake'
- ursus, ursī - m 'bear'
- vulpēs, vulpis - f 'fox' (i-stem)
- colōrēs, colōrum - 'colours' (color, colōris in the singular)
Spoiler:
White: albus, alba, album - 'white'; candidus, candida, candidum - 'pure white'; niveus, nivea, niveum - 'snowy, snow-white'
Black: niger, nigra, nigrum - 'black'; āter, ātra, ātrum - 'black, dark'; fuscus, fusca, fuscum - 'dark'
Red: rubeus, rubea, rubeum - 'red, reddish'; ruber, rubra, rubrum - 'red'; rūfus, rūfa, rūfum - 'red, reddish' (these might also mean a reddy orange); coccineus, coccinea, coccineum - 'scarlet'
Yellow: flavus, flava, flavum - 'yellow, blond'; lūteus, lūtea, lūteum - 'yellow, saffron' (this might mean a yellowy orange)
Green: viridis, viride - 'green, verdant' (third declension, see below)
Blue: caeruleus, caerulea, caeruleum - 'blue' (also sometimes caerulus, coeruleus or coerulus)
Purple: purpūreus, purpūrea, purpūreum - 'purple'; violaceus, violacea, violaceum - 'violet'; roseus, rosea, roseum - 'pink, rosy'
Gray: cinereus, cinerea, cinereum - 'grey, ashen'
- tempus, temporis - 'time'
Spoiler:
- hōra, hōrae - 'hour'
- diēs, diēī - m/f 'day' (don't worry, this is fifth declension)
- septimāna - f 'week' (replaced earlier hebdoma, hebdomadis - f 'week)
- mēnsis, mēnsis - m 'month'.
- annus, annī - m 'year'
- decennium, decenniī - n 'decade'
- centuria, centuriae - f 'century' (also in the sense of the Roman military unit)
- millennium, millenniī -n 'millennium'

- quotīdiē - 'every day' (also cōtīdiē)
- semper - 'always'
- saepē - 'often'
- mox - 'soon'
- nunc - 'now'
- iam - 'now, then' (nunc covers only the absolute present, iam covers all other meanings of 'now')
- deinde - 'then, next, from there'
- diū - 'for a long time'
- dum - 'while'
- rārō - 'rarely'
- numquam - 'never'

- diēs Sōlis (day of the Sun, replaced by diēs Dominica - day of the Lord with the advent of Christianity)
- diēs Lūnae (day of the Moon)
- diēs Martis (day of Mars)
- diēs Mercuriī (day of Mercury)
- diēs Iovis (day of Jupiter)
- diēs Veneris (day of Venus)
- diēs Saturnī (day of Saturn)

In Classical Latin, the months act as adjectives. I'm not actually sure what modern Latinists do.
- iānuārius (jānuārius)
- februārius
- martius
- aprīlis
- māius (mājus)
- iūnius
- quīntīlis (iulius/julius)
- sextīlis (augustus)
- septembris
- octōbris
- novembris
- decembris
- nātiōnēs, nātiōnum - f 'countries'
Spoiler:
Modern Latin tends to use names related to either that country's endonym or their English exonym, and there are only a few cases of the classical name being preferred over a medieval or modern-day coinage. So, for example, what was once 'Dācia' is now 'Romania'. Most names are feminine first declension nouns and many end in -ia. Some of the newest coinages are still a bit variable.

- BR/Britannia/Britanniārum Regnum - UK/Britain/British Kingdom
- Anglia - England
- Scōtia - Scotland
- Cambria - Wales (this is classical; a modern coinage is Vallia)
- Hibernia - Ireland (this is also classical; a modern coinage is Irlandia)

- CFA/Cīvitātēs Foederātae Americae - USA/United States of America
- Canada - Canada
- Brasilia - Brazil

- Francia - France
- Ītalia - Italy
- Germānia - Germany
- Hispānia - Spain
- Russia - Russia

- Islandia - Iceland
- Norvegia - Norway
- Svecia - Sweden (you might also see Suecia, Suetia, Suesia or Suevia)
- Finnia - Finland
- Dania - Denmark

- RPS/Sina/Rēspūblica Populī Sinārum - PRC/China/People's Republic of China (in classical Latin its name was Sinae and was plural)
- Iaponia - Japan (if I had my way it would be Japonia)
- India - India
- Austrālia - Australia
- Nova Zēlandia - New Zealand

The continents don't take too much: Āfrica, America, Āsia, Eurōpa, Ōceānia, Antarctica. You can probably talk about Eurāsia as well. I think I've covered everyone on this board. To look up more countries, see this link on the Latin Wikipedia (called Vicipaedia).

To make the adjective, remove the -ia and then decline like a bonus adjective: Scōtī - 'Scotsmen'. Most of the language names end in -icē: anglicē, iaponicē etc. (not sure about that long e)

- mundus, mundī - m 'world'
- terra, terrae - f 'land, ground, world' and - Terra, Terrae - 'Earth'
- tabula, tabulae - f 'tablet' (it also meant 'map' in classical Latin)
- charta, chartae - f 'paper' (it also meant 'map' in medieval Latin)
- mappa, mappae - f 'napkin' (and also means 'map' in modern Latin)
This last section has two cool words in it: cīvitās, cīvitātis which can mean either 'state' or 'citizenship' and in fact comes from cīvis, cīvis - m/f 'citizen' and is where English city comes from; and rēspūblica, reīpūblicae - f 'republic', which is actually a compound of rēs, reī and pūblicus, pūblica, pūblicum - 'public' and may appear separately with the same meaning. Don't worry about about rēs, it's fifth declension, like diēs.

Personally, I would follow the Romance capitalisation convention and only capitalise Proper nouns, but I think there are a lot of Neo-Latinists using English convention.


Subjunctive

So far we have learnt a lot of the imperfective aspect. For those of you thinking that I missed the imperfect imperative, there is none. The imperative mood inflects only for present and future; the indicative mood is the only one that has all three tenses and a full verb will have them inflected completely for both active imperfective and perfect and passive imperfective (as the passive perfect is formed using an auxiliary). We did miss the passive imperative though: in the present, the singular looks like the infinitive, portāre - 'be carried!' and the plural looks like the indicative, portāminī. In the future, there is no second person plural, but for the other three, shorten the final -ō of the active imperative and add -r: portātor - 'you/he/she/it (shall) be carried'. The passive imperative isn't much used except for deponent verbs: loquere - 'speak!'.

Now let's look at the subjunctive mood. It only inflects for the present and past tenses only. In the present, the subjunctive changes the stem vowel: ā becomes ē, ē becomes , e/i becomes ā and ī becomes . Then add the activ personal endings (-m for first person singular) with vowel shortening before -m, -t and -nt: portem - 'that I carry, may I carry'. You also form the passive subjunctive in the same way with the passive personal endings: porter - 'that I be carried, may I be carried'. To remember the vowel alteration, you can say 'Let's beat that giant!'.

To form the imperfect, you don't change the thematic vowel at all, unlike the present subjunctive and the imperfect indicative. Simple add -rē to the stem and then add the personal endings: portārem - 'that I had carried, I would carry'; portārer - 'that I had been carried, I would be carried'. Easy. Here is the irregular conjugation sum, esse: sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, sint; essem, essēs, esset, essēmus, essētis, essent, (although the imperfect might also be based on the future infinitive fore). But what is the subjunctive used for?

It has many uses and is probably more commonly used than in any of its descendents. When used independently, it might take a posibilitative meaning: videās - 'you might see', or it might take an optative or volitive: audiātis - 'may you hear'. In the third person (and maybe even second) it might take a jussive meaning: laganum edant - 'let them eat cake' and in the first person a horrative meaning (as there is no first person imperative): sedeāmus - 'let's sit down'. When the imperfect is used independently, it's mostly translated as conditional: biberent - 'they would drink, they should drink'.

In dependent clauses it is used similarly to the rest of European languages and is often introduced by ut which might be translated as 'so that, in order that, for that' or even just plain 'that': spērō ut cibum habeant - 'I hope they have food'. It can also be used with the indicative to mean 'just as'. In most cases an ut phrase is negated with rather than nōn. +subjunctive just by itself is often translated as 'lest': nē oblīvīscāmur - 'lest we forget'.


Third Declension Adjectives

Almost all third declension adjectives behave like i-stem nouns, and usually have the same forms for the masculine and feminine. A good example of this is agilis, agile - 'nimble, swift'. For any third declension adjective, the genitive, ablative and dative forms will be the same: -is, -ī, -ī, -ium, -ibus, -ibus e.g. agilis, agilī, agilium, agilibus. For the masculine and feminine forms: -(s), -em, -ēs, -ēs e.g. agilis, agilem, agilēs, agilēs. You might see -īs for the accusative plural. For the neuter forms: -(e), -(e), -ia, -ia e.g. agile, agile, agilia, agilia. The neuter singular endings isn't always -e. Sometimes it might even be the same as the masculine singular.

There are a handful of adjectives that have slightly different forms in the masculine and feminine. They only differ in the nominative and vocative singulars. I think these are all -er adjectives, and like the second declension adjectives -er adjectives, some keep the -e- and some don't. Celer, celeris, celere - 'fast, quick' keeps the -e- and alacer, alacris, alacre - 'lively, jovial' doesn't keep the -e-.

There are also a handful of adjectives which don't behave like i-stems, such as vetus - 'old', which has the stem veter- and takes -e in the ablative singular, -um in the genitive plural and -a in the neuter plural nominative and accusative. Vetus is synonymous with senex with the root sen-, and happens to have the same forms in the nominative singular in all genders. It does however act as an i-stems.


Comparative

Almost all adjectives have a comparative and superlative form, as English adjectives. Most Latin adverbs also have comparative and superlative forms. To make a comparative form, simply add -ior to the stem for masculine and feminine, and -ius for neuter, and decline like a third declension adjective (not an i-stem, with the stem -iōr-): fortis, forte - 'strong' -> fortior, fortius - 'stronger, rather strong' (with the root fortiōr-) as in Maria est fortior quam Lūcia - 'Mary is stronger than Lucy'. Some adjectives have irregular comparatives: melior, melius - 'better', from bonus; senior, senius - 'older' from senex; iūnior, iūnius - 'younger' from iuvenis. (You might also see jūnior/juvenis)


Exercises

Next lesson: perfect tense and fourth declension.
Translate the following:
- Your wife might eat her own shoes.
- The king himself is carried through the jovial streets.
- Let them speak English.
- We hope that the cooks watch the rather lazy cows in the big field.
- I want to go to the USA.
- While you (pl) drink their old wine, you also might drink their younger beer.
Last edited by kanejam on 16 Jul 2013 07:57, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: Lingua Latīna - Lēctiōnēs

Post by kanejam »

Just a little bit of reading practice: ōrātiō dominica - 'the Lord's Prayer'. Notice that dominica is from dominus + -icus, a suffix meaning 'pertaining to, belonging to, derived from' and we've seen it before with anglicē - 'English'.

Pater noster, quī es in caelīs, sānctificētur nōmen tuum. Adveniat regnum tuum. Fīat voluntās tua, sīcut in caelō et in terrā. Pānem nostrum quotīdiānum dā nōbīs hodiē, et dīmitte nōbīs dēbita nostra sīcut et nōs dīmittimus dēbitōribus nostrīs. Et nē nōs indūcās in tentātiōnem, sed līberā nōs ā malō. Āmēn.

Just about the whole thing is in the subjunctive with a couple of passive forms and imperatives thrown in. Some vocab: caelum, caelī - n 'sky, heaven', sānctificō, sānctificāre - 'sanctify', veniō, venīre - 'come', faciō, facere - 'do, make' (subjunctive passive is fīā-), voluntās, voluntātis - f 'will, choice, inclination', sīcut - 'just as', pānis, pānis - m 'bread', dīmittō, dīmittere - 'dismiss', dēbitum, dēbitī - 'debt', dēbitor, dēbitōris - m 'debtor', dūcō, dūcere - 'lead', tentātiō, tentātiōnis - f 'temptation, trial', līberō, līberāre - 'free, release', malum, malī - n 'bad, evil'.
Last edited by kanejam on 19 Jul 2013 02:17, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: Lingua Latīna - Lēctiōnēs

Post by Ambrisio »

niger
Sorry, I just can't say that with a straight face (unless I pronounce it /naɪdʒər/, like the country!). Would you mind my using nigellus instead?
Last edited by Ambrisio on 16 Nov 2014 11:12, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: Lingua Latīna - Lēctiōnēs

Post by kanejam »

Ambrisio wrote:Sorry, I just can't say that with a straight face (unless I pronounce it /naɪdʒər/, like the country!). Would you mind my using nigellus instead?
Hahaha do you have trouble with Spanish negro as well? I'm not sure about nigellus but I think using āter, ātra, ātrum would be the best alternative.
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Re: Lingua Latīna - Lēctiōnēs

Post by kanejam »

Lēctiō Ūndecim

Superlative and Adverbs

Each adjective has a superlative form. They are regularly formed by appending -issimus to the stem, and inflect like bonus adjectives (regular first/second declension adjectives). For -er adjectives (like sacer and miser), if they drop the -e- when they're declined, then they drop it for the comparative but not for the superlative and add -rimus: pulchrior < pulcherrimus - 'more beautiful < most beautiful'.

First/second declension adjectives regularly form adverbs with . The third declension adjectives form adverbs with -iter: celer > celeriter - 'quick > quickly', although forms with the same nominative form for all three cases just take -er: audāx > audācer - 'bold > boldly'. To get the comparative, just use the neuter form of the adjectival comparative: fortiter > fortius - 'strongly > more strongly'. To get the superlative, just add to the adjectival superlative: fortissimē - 'most strongly'.

There are a couple of irregulars: bonus < melior < optimus; malus < peior < pessimus; magnus < maior < maximus; parvus < minor < minimus; multus < plūs* < plurimus; propinquus < propior < proximus. Propinquus means 'near, close' and plūs, plūris usually acts more like a noun with the other thingy in the genitive: plūrem olivārum dēsīderō - 'I want more olives'. There are also a few irregular adverbs: māgnoperē - 'greatly' > magis > maximē; bonus > bene; propinquus > prope - 'near'.


Fourth Declension

The fourth declension is characterised by the vowel u in its endings. The nouns are mostly masculine but there are also feminine and neuter nouns. The masculine and feminine nouns share their endings, and in the nominative and vocative singulars end in -us and the accusative in -um. The neuter endings are . So far it has some resemblances to the second declension; it gets weird though: the genitive singular is -ūs. So we have portus, portūs - m 'port, harbour', manus, manūs - f 'hand' and cornū, cornūs - n 'horn': viae portūs artae sunt - 'the port's streets are narrow'.

For the masculine and feminine forms, the dative singular is -uī and the ablative is . The neuter forms for both are , so cornū might be the nominative, accusative, vocative, dative or ablative! For the masculine and feminine, the plural form of -us is -ūs, that is, the nominative, vocative and accusative plural forms are all the same as the genitive singular. The neuter equivalent is -ua. For the other cases, all genders are the same: -uum for the genitive plural and -ibus for the dative and ablative plurals. Some more examples: arcus, arcūs - m 'bow', genū, genūs - n 'knee', lacus, lacūs - m 'lake', cantus, cantūs - m 'song' (from cantō, cantāre - 'sing'). There's also the irregular domus, domūs - f 'house'.


Perfect

Latin has a perfect aspect (I'm not so good on aspects, so I'm not sure if it's a true perfect, a perfective, or both) and it comes in both voices (although in the passive it usually takes an auxiliary), in either subjunctive or indicative and in up to three tenses. It's not always predictable as to how to form it, so it is given as the third principal part of a verb's reference form. First conjugation often take -āvī: portō > portāvī, second conjugation often take -uī: teneō < tenuī (to hold) and fourth conjugation often take -īvī: audiō > audīvī. These are considered regular; there is no regular third declension. But any of the conjugations can take -uī, -vī, -sī, -ī and for the ending, there is usually also vowel lengthening or even reduplication: veniō > vēnī; stō > stetī.

The meaning of portāvī is 'I have carried' although in some places it might be used where English would use simple past, especially places where the action is relevant to the present: dedit mihi pecūniam - 's/he gave me money, s/he has given me money'. The personal endings for the (present) perfect are -ī, -istī, -it, -imus, -istis, -ērunt. For the future perfect simply add the future form of sum, esse, fuī with the exception that the third person plural is -erint: portāverō, portāveris, portāverit, portāverimus, portāveritis, portāverint. For the pluperfect, add the imperfect form of sum. We'll cover the subjunctive and passive next lesson.


Exercises

Translate the following:
- I had eaten an apple. (edō > ēdī)
- The horses will have gone. (eō > iī, you might also see the older form īvī)
- We were seen in England
- If we went to the harbour, we would see nimble pirates. (if = sī)
- The bags have been carried by the mules to the monastery.

Translate the following
- Si pecuniam haberem, panem emerem.
- Rex et regina, pro suffragii populi, multam agricolis pecuniam dederunt. (suffragium, suffragiī - n 'vote')
- Quod fecisti ut tibi confideremus? (confīdō, confīdere - 'trust, confide')
- Arcus eorum ab Italia ad Hispaniam iam portaverant.
- Habui manum maximam.
Last edited by kanejam on 18 Jul 2013 04:31, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: Lingua Latīna - Lēctiōnēs

Post by atman »

Spoiler:
Malum edi.
Equi iverint.
In Anglia videbamur.
Si ad portum iremus, rapidos piratas videremus.
Sarcinae mulis portatae sunt ad monasterium.
////
If I had money, I’d buy (some) bread.
By popular vote, the king and queen gave much money to the peasants. (Really? How kind of them!)
What did you do so that we might trust you?
They had already carried those people’s bow from Italy to Spain.
I had a very large hand.
Երկնէր երկին, երկնէր երկիր, երկնէր և ծովն ծիրանի.
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Re: Lingua Latīna - Lēctiōnēs

Post by kanejam »

Spoiler:
Malum edi. [info] this is the present perfect, 'I have eaten an apple'. What you want is the pluperfect: 'mālum ēderam'
Equi iverint. [info] this is correct, but you could also use 'equī ierint'
In Anglia videbamur. [tick]
Si ad portum iremus, rapidos piratas videremus. [tick]
Sarcinae mulis portatae sunt ad monasterium. [tick] (I just realised I put a passive perfect in which I shouldn't have done)
////
If I had money, I’d buy (some) bread. [tick]
By popular vote For the people's votes the king and queen gave much money to the peasants. (Really? How kind of them!) [info] suffragii is in the dative here
What did you do so that we might trust you? [tick] (really it should be 'what have you done' but it could work depending on context)
They had already carried those people’s bow from Italy to Spain. [tick]
I had a very large hand. [cross] the superlative form means 'the most', so this should be 'I've had the largest hand'.
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Re: Lingua Latīna - Lēctiōnēs

Post by kanejam »

Sorry, I've been neglecting this a bit. I'm halfway through the next lesson and I'll post some revision exercises soon as well.
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kanejam
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Re: Lingua Latīna - Lēctiōnēs

Post by kanejam »

Revision Set 1

Rewrite these sentences, changing the underlined words to plural if singular and singular if plural. Then give a translation.
- Monachus muros monasterii videre potest.
- Misera ancilla semper in culina laborat.
- Puer mulis cibum dat.
- Cur est abbattissa in bibliotheca?
- Ludos monachi non spectant.
- Episcopusne in monasteriis habitant?
- Monachi feminae aquam dant.

Translate into Latin:
- Are your uncles (father's brothers) tired?
- An evil monk cannot live in a monastery.
- The furious master will give books to the poor students.
- I hope the mistress's daughter is unable to work in the kitchen.
- Surely they shouldn't walk in the shadowy wood.
- The mule in the woods is bringing the bulls' and cows' food.
- Did you hear the maiden's song, Mario?
- Today, the cook was drinking wine with the sad students.
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kanejam
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Re: Lingua Latīna - Lēctiōnēs

Post by kanejam »

Lēctiō Duodecim

Fifth Declension

These are the e-nouns and are very regular but pretty rare and almost always feminine. The ending for the nominative and vocative singulars is always -ēs: diēs - 'day' (this is one of the few masculine fifth declension nouns, although it does appear in the feminine when singular and referring to a specific day or a few other situations). This is also the ending for the nominative, accusative and vocative plurals. The accusative singular ending is -em: diem. In the singular, the genitive and dative forms are the same, both ending in -eī: diēī (notice that after an i in the stem the e lengthens, this is always true) and the ablative ends in : diē. In the plural the dative and ablative are the same; the genitive is -ērum: diērum and the dative and ablative form is -ēbus: diēbus.

It is quite similar to the first declension, if we remember that some common nouns have a plural dative/ablative in -ābus. The only real difference is that, for fifth declension nouns, the nominative plural is the same as the accusative plural, rather than the genitive and dative singular like the first declension. Some more fifth declension nouns are: meridiēs, meridiēī - m 'midday', rēs, reī - f 'thing', spēs, speī - f 'hope', fidēs, fideī - f 'faith', speciēs, speciēī - f 'view, sight, appearance'.


More Perfect

Remember that the subjunctive only inflects for two tenses. This is because the future already expresses uncertainty, and the same is true of the perfect aspect. To get the subjunctive present perfect, simply remove the personal endings of the indicative present perfect and add -erī, and then add the normal personal endings (not the perfect ones!). So a verb like audīre looks like this: audīverim, audīverīs, audīverit, audīverīmus, audīverītis, audīverint. Please note that in this one case that the third person plural retains the -i- in -int, rather than changing to a -u- as it does in most cases.

To form the subjunctive pluperfect (past perfect), remove the from the indicative perfect just add -issē- and then the regular personal endings: audīvissem, audīvissēs, audīvisset, audīvissēmus, audīvissētis, audīvissent.

There is no inflected passive form for the perfect aspect. Instead, it is formed using the imperfective of sum and the perfect passive participle. I don't think we covered the present subjunctive of sum so here it is:sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, sint. To get the perfect passive participle, just take the supine (which is the fourth principal part of a verb given in reference material), remove the -um and add either -us, -a, -um, -ī or ae (as the participle must agree in gender and number with the subject. For the present passive perfect, use the present form of sum: puella portāta - 'the girl has been carried'. For the pluperfect, use the imperfect form; for the future passive, use the future. The same goes for the subjunctive: puellae portātae essent - 'the girls would have been carried, they should have been carried'.


Non-Finite Verb Forms

There are only four participles in Latin. One of them you just learnt: the perfect passive participle. As well as its use in the passive perfect constructions, it can also just be used adverbially, and declines like a bonus adjective (first/second declension): vīnōrum portātōrum - 'of the carried wines'.

The next participle is the present participle. To form this, take the present stem and add -ns, -ntis. The third conjugation will have a long in the nominative singular: bibēns, bibentis; and the fourth conjugation will have a -iē: audiēns, audientis. It then declines like a third declension adjective with the same form for the masculine, feminine and neuter singular nominatives. Mūlus portāns translated to 'the carrying mule, the mule that carries'.

Then for the future active, we take the supine again, remove the -um and add -ūrus, -a, -um. It behaves just like a second declension adjective. Puella portātūra - 'the girl who is going to carry'.

Lastly there is the future passive participle. This is formed like the present participle: by taking the present stem and adding -ndus, -a, -um, with the same vowel changes, so magister audiendus - 'the teacher to be heard, the teacher who is going to be heard'. The future passive participle usually means 'about to be ...', and by extension, often means 'must be ...'.

The next things to learn are the six infinitives. Don't worry, you know the present form already and three of them use periphrastic constructions. The present infinitive is given as the second principal part of a verb, and for regular verbs ends in -re and is the same the passive imperative. To form the present passive infinitive, for the first, second and fourth conjugations, take the -e from the present infinitive and add an (alternatively add -rī to the present stem), audīrī - 'to be heard'. For the third conjugation, remove the whole -ere and add : bibī - 'to be drunk' (not actually 'to be drunk', that would be esse vīnōlentus).

To form the perfect infinitive, add -isse onto the perfect stem, so that it looks like it is related to the subjunctive pluperfect: portāvisse, vīdisse, bibisse, audīvisse. That's a fair amount to learn for one day, so we'll cover the rest of the non-finite forms next lesson.


Exercises

Now we need to revise all the nouns and verbs that we have learnt. For each of the following, give an IPA transcription (phonemic transcription is fine), the gender, a translation and the genitive singular form (with IPA again).
- portus
- vacca
- cibum
- merīdiēs
- nomen
- vir
- mūlus
- manus
- serpens
- rēx

Give me the full declension of these two nouns:
- rēspūblica, reīpūblicae
- speciēs, speciēī

Write out the the four participles and three infinitives that you know for these verbs:
- agō, agere, ēgī, āctum - 'do'
- stō, stāre, stetī, statum - 'stand'
- habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum - 'have'
- habitō, habitāre, habitāvī, habitātum - 'live'

Give the first person singular forms for each of the following verbs, for the mood and voice given:
- vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum - give all six active indicative forms
- coquō, coquere, coxī, coctum - give all four active subjunctive forms
- dō, dare, dedī, datum - give all six passive indicative forms
- amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum - give all four passive subjunctive forms

Lastly, give all the imperative forms of spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātum.
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