Spoiler:
Word 1 - The stressed vowel and final consonant are correct.
Word 2 - [-iməspo] is spot-on!
Word 3 - I have [tw-], but otherwise, [tʷa-ɳɖəɻ] is correct.
Word 4 - The vowels, stress placement, and [k] are all correct.
Word 5 - [iˈ-e-əm] is correct.
However, see below for my comments on [z], [ð], and [t͡ɕ].
You're partially correct about A. That is to say, what you've theorized about A is correct, but it's not the whole story.
However, no such change took place in B.
Not quite, although [ɣ] isn't terribly far off. The [g]~[v] correspondence isn't related to the [b]~[m] correspondence, but it is related to the [tʼ]~[p] correspondence. Instead, the [b]~[m] correspondence is related to the [ɖ]~[ɳ] correspondence.
I'm willing to accept [ð] and [t͡ɕ] as essentially correct, although they're not exactly what I originally had in mind before I went back and tried working backwards myself.
If [ʔɣ] were an accurate reconstruction, I would consider it two phonemes. However, it is not. And yes, [tʼ] and [k͡x] in A are unrelated.sangi39 wrote: ↑14 Oct 2020 23:38 Giving what happens later on down the page, I'm not sure [ʔɣ] constitutes a cluster or a single phoneme, and I've mostly just used it as a handwave to explain the alveolar ejective and the velar affricate in A. I'm fairly certain that it is something distinct, though.
Word 1 - Very close! One segment is partially off.
Word 2 - Spot-on! This is precisely what I have for one of the acceptable variant reconstructions of this word.
Word 3 - One consonant is off.
Word 4 - Very close! As with Word 1, there's one segment that's partially off.
Word 5 - [-ˈd͡ʒel-] is correct. [-mɨ] is essentially correct as well.
This goes back to multiple phonemes in CD, but no conditioned mergers took place in C.
Word 1 - One segment is correct.
Word 2 - I'm counting [-ˈd͡ziːfs-] as correct. [r̩] is close, I guess I'd say.
Word 3 - Two vowels are off in quality, but the rest of the word is correct.
Word 4 - One segment is off.
Word 5 - All vowels are off in either quality or quantity, but otherwise you're correct.
One of those three clusters is correct for CD.
Word 1 - One segment is off.
Word 2 - [-ss-] is correct. [r̩-] is close, I suppose.
Word 3 - One consonant is off, as are all of the vowels.
Word 4 - The consonants that you have, as well as [-a], are correct.
Word 5 - Two of the consonants are correct, but none of the vowels are.
Word 1 - The consonants are correct.
Word 2 - [ˈr-ɛn-so] is correct.
Word 3 - One consonant is correct and another is partially correct. The stressed vowel is correct as well.
Word 4 - Only the two stops are totally correct, but one vowel is only off in terms of length.
Word 5 - The consonants that you have are correct, as is the stressed vowel.
I'll say you're missing a syllable from three of these words.
Regarding the branching.
Word 1 - Everything you have is correct.
Word 2 - [-in-] is correct. [r̩-] is close, I'd say.
Word 3 - [-æːrin] is essentially correct.
Word 4 - Three of the consonants are correct, and the fourth is very close. One vowel is correct, and another is off in terms of length.
Word 5 - [-eɪ̯lin] is essentially correct.
You're missing a syllable from three of these words.
sangi39 wrote: ↑14 Oct 2020 23:38 This is around about where I started thinking Word 3's initial might not be a matter of co-articulation, or being an affricate, but something like a laminal plosive, which, IIRC, a prone to affrication or frication, which could explain the sporadic nature of the correspondences between branches.
That's not what's going on, at least not here.
Word 1 - The nucleus of the stressed syllable is off.
Word 2 - The consonants and [-o] are correct. [æː] may be close enough, actually.
Word 3 - Only the first and last segments are fully correct. As in Word 2, I may end up accepting [æː] as well.
Word 4 - The first two consonants and [-u-] are correct.
Word 5 - [-eɣ-] is off.
You're off in terms of stress placement for three of these words.
Haha, that's fair! I know the feeling well.
Word 1 - The consonants are correct.
Word 2 - The consonants and two of the vowels are correct.
Word 3 - Two of the consonants are correct, and the third is partially correct. Two vowels are correct as well.
Word 4 - Three of the consonants are correct, and the fourth is partially correct. Two of the vowels are correct, and the third is off in terms of length.
Word 5 - The consonants are correct.
The stress placement is off for one word.
Word 1 - This isn't what I had originally, but it's one of the essentially correct alternatives!
Word 2 - Two of the consonants are correct. The nucleus of the stressed syllable is only slightly off.
Word 3 - Only [t-ɔɪ̯-] is correct.
Word 4 - One vowel is off in quality, and one consonant is slightly off as well.
Word 5 - [ɣ-ˈɣe-] is correct.
A-D is not a valid grouping.sangi39 wrote: ↑14 Oct 2020 23:38 AD [ˈɣozɛN] - [r̩nˈdziməspo] - [toħˈʟandʒəɻ] - [ɣemˈkuzitɕaɣ] - [iˈdʒeʔʟəm]
I'm not sure -[məsp]- is actually original, or if it's something simpler that just became more complex in AD, because I can't really see any counterpart to it in the other branches, and there might be similar issues with -[zi]-
Without commenting on the accuracy of [-məsp-] and [-zi-] specifically, I can tell you that a good amount of epenthesis took place in AB.
E-H is not a valid grouping.
Again, I can't comment here on the accuracy of [-f-] and [-məsp-] specifically. However, I will point out that [f] is a labiodental fricative, and in [-məsp-], you have two labials and a fricative.
I-L is not a valid grouping.
Generally speaking, I'd probably describe KL as more conservative than IJ, although I, J, K, and L are all rather innovative.
Word 1 - The consonants are correct.
Word 2 - [-zo] is correct.
Word 3 - [t-] is the only fully correct segment. One vowel is partially correct.
Word 4 - [ʒ-ˈgu-av] is correct. [eː] is missing a feature, but very close.
Word 5 - [-ɣe-] is correct.
Generally, it looks like you may have relied too heavily on QR in reconstructing M-R.
M-R is a valid grouping, as are MN, OP, and QR.
You're on the right track with a lateral, but not exactly about its placement. Keep thinking about possible similarities to Word 5.
A-H is not a valid grouping.
See my comments above regarding epenthesis in AB. The retroflex rhotic is also a much more recent development.
I-R is not a valid grouping.
See my comments above about [ɻ].
Word 1 - One correct segment
Word 2 - Three correct segments
Word 3 - Three correct segments
Word 4 - Four correct segments
Word 5 - Three correct segments
[ˈʃoden] is no closer than [ˈʃozen].
There's nothing I can think of that's common to both Words 2 and 4 that you're missing.
In response to sangi39 (2/2):
Spoiler:
Word 1 - One segment is off.
Word 2 - [-ɳ-a-ˈðim-pso] is correct.
Word 3 - As I said in my other response, I have [tw-], but otherwise, very close! The only "issues" are your two uncertain phonemes.
Word 4 - [-e-ˈkuðitɕa-u] is correct.
Word 5 - As with Word 3, the only "problem" is G.
G is not a cluster, and there's no secondary articulation involved. You're on the right track with "something velar", though.sangi39 wrote: ↑15 Oct 2020 22:26 [R] and [G] are stand-ins for uncertain phonemes.
I'm fairly certain that [G] is a cluster involving something velar or further back, or possible a consonant with secondary articulation (velarisation, for example).
[R] honestly throws me. It seems to show evidence of nasality, but it isn't retained like word-final nasals out to be in B.
I'd recommend reconsidering any evidence that you may feel points to R having some element of nasality.
Word 1 - Spot-on!
Word 2 - Very close! One vowel is off.
Word 3 - Close! The final syllable is off, as is one other consonant.
Word 4 - Again, close! One vowel is off in terms of quality, and another is off in terms of length.
Word 5 - One extra syllable. [m] is the only consonant that's entirely correct. One vowel is off in terms of quality.
Word 1 - The vowel is correct.
Word 2 - One syllable is missing. [-ˈd͡ziːfs-] is correct. [r̩] is close, I'll say.
Word 3 - Very close! One consonant is slightly off, and one vowel is off in terms of quality.
Word 4 - Almost! There's one segment that doesn't need to be there.
Word 5 - Two vowels are off in terms of quality, the other is off in terms of length, and one consonant is slightly off as well.
Word 1 - Spot-on!
Word 2 - [-ss-] is correct.
Word 3 - One vowel is off in terms of quality, and another doesn't need to be there.
Word 4 - Close! Two vowels are off in terms of quality.
Word 5 - Two vowels are off in terms of quality, one is also off in terms of length, and the third doesn't need to be there.
Word 1 - Very, very close!
Word 2 - [ˈrɛn-so] is correct.
Word 3 - Two of the vowels are correct. [-n] is correct, and another consonant is partially correct.
Word 4 - One vowel is off in terms of quality, one is off in terms of length, and the third is off in terms of both. As for the consonants, only the stops are correct.
Word 5 - Also very close!
For Words 1 and 5, everything you have is technically correct, but both words are missing a syllable. Try to think about what could theoretically be syllabic.
Word 1 - The consonants are correct.
Word 2 - One instance of [n] is partially correct, and the other is completely correct. The stressed vowel is also correct.
Word 3 - [t-rin] is correct.
Word 4 - One consonant is incorrect, and one vowel is off in terms of length.
Word 5 - [-in] is correct.
At least three of these words are missing a syllable.
Word 1 - The nucleus of the stressed syllable is off.
Word 2 - The two nasals and the final vowel are correct.
Word 3 - The initial consonant and final syllable are correct.
Word 4 - [ʒ-gu-] is correct.
Word 5 - [j-eɪ̯mu] is correct.
The placement of stress is off for three of these words.
Word 1 - The consonants are correct.
Word 2 - One vowel is off in terms of quality.
Word 3 - The stressed vowel is off. [w] is partially off.
Word 4 - The pretonic vowel is off. The geminate is slightly off.
Word 5 - The consonants are correct.
The placement of stress is off for one of these words.
Word 1 - This is one of the alternative reconstructions that I'll accept!
Word 2 - [-ˈjeɪ̯z-] is correct.
Word 3 - [t-ɔɪ̯-] is correct.
Word 4 - One vowel is off in terms of quality. The geminate is slightly off.
Word 5 - [ɣ-ˈɣe-m] is correct.
A-D is not a valid grouping.
E-H is not a valid grouping.
I-L is not a valid grouping.
O-R is not a valid grouping.
Word 1 - The consonants are correct. The stressed vowel is missing something.
Word 2 - The final syllable is correct. The stressed vowel is missing something.
Word 3 - Three of the consonants are correct. There's something missing from one of the vowels.
Word 4 - The consonants are correct, except for the geminate. The first vowel is missing something, but the other two are correct.
Word 5 - [-ɣe-m-] is correct.
The stress placement is off for three of these words.
Note that, while M-R and MN are valid groupings, O-R is not.
A-H is not a valid grouping.
I-R is not a valid grouping.
Word 1 - One correct segment
Word 2 - Six correct segments
Word 3 - Four correct segments
Word 4 - Six correct segments
Word 5 - Three correct segments