Omzinian Scrap thread

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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

Post by Omzinesý »

A Romance-based "auxlang"

It modifies Romance words so much they don't look what they look like in Romance.

All words are monosyllabic: (C)(C)(C)V(C).

Syntax

SVOX, OSVX, XSVO

All sentences start with a TAM particle.

A la om leg un zral.
[ələ'(ʔ)om leg ʊn'zɾäl]
PST.PERFVE SG.DEF man read SG. INDEF newspaper
'The man read a newspaper.'
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

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An Uralic-ish phonology that tests with Estonian-ish lengths

Primary vowel inventory
ʲi u
ʲe o
ʲæ ɑ

Primary consonant inventory
p t tʲ t͡s k
b d dʲ g
s sʲ
z zʲ
m n nʲ
l lʲ
r rʲ
ʋ j

Simple phonotactics

The maximal syllable is: (C)V(C)(C) or (C)V(V)(C). A syllable ending in two consonants or having two vowels is possible only if it is a strong monosyllabic foot (see below).

All vowels and most consonants can be short or long. Voiced obstruents / b d dʲ g z zʲ/ cannot be geminated and semi-vowels / ʋ j/ can be geminated only in strong feet.
Furthermore, there is a feature I call strong foot/syllable. Diphthongs are also considered long vowels. Long consonants are ither geminated or consonant clusters.

Palatalization

Palatalization is phonemic only in dental consonants, excluding /t͡s/, before back vowels.
Before front vowels, all consonants are palatalized, and the distinction of palatalized and non-palatalized dentals is lost.
Word-finally, palatalization is possible only after a strong syllable. There, it applies to all consonants and should be analyzed as [ʲɪ].


Foot and lengths

Words consist of feet. Here I only handle disyllabic and monosyllabic feet. There might be trisyllabic feet and monosyllabic weak feet, too, but I have enough work describing the current topic. A foot consists of a primarily or secondarily stressed syllable and a possible unstressed syllable.

Weak (= non-strong) feet

All weak feet have two syllables. The first one can be short or long while the second one is always short. There can be an initial consonant that does not belong to the feet, and there can be a final short consonant that does not affect the analyses of the feet. Feet 2) and 3) have a longer duration than 1) because their first syllable is longer, and the second syllables have equal durations.
1) VCV (a short vowel + a short consonant + a short vowel)
2) V:CV (a long vowel + a short consonant + a short vowel)
3) VC:V (a short vowel + a long consonant + a short vowel)

Strong feet

There can be only one strong foot per word, and it is the first one. Like all first syllables, it always has the primary stress. Strong feet are not longer than 2) or 3). Both consonants and vowels in their first syllable are somewhat lengthened, but the vowel of the second syllable is shortened or dropped altogether. That is, strong feet are not “stronger” altogether, but the weight is gathered to the first syllable while, in weak feet, it is more equally shared. I mark the relative lengthening by an acute accent on the vowel of the syllable, but it should be remembered that the consonant is lengthened as well. I mark the shortened vowel with ̆ on the vowel. The structure of 4) like that of 2), except that the feet is strong. The structure of 5) like that of 3), except that the feet is strong.
4) V́:CV̆ or V́:CV̆ (a long vowel + a short consonant (+ an overshort vowel))
5) V́C:V̆ or V́C:V̆ (a short vowel + a long consonant (+ an overshort vowel)

Overshort vowels

When appearing as the second syllable of a strong foot, vowels are reduced. All front vowels are reduced to [ʲɪ]. /ʲi, ʲe, ʲæ/ => [ʲɪ].
/u/ and /o/ are reduced to [ʊ]. /u o/ => [ʊ]
/ɑ/ is reduced to [ʌ ~ ɜ]. There is a phonetic vowel harmony between the two realizations. [ʌ] appears if the preceding syllable has back vowels, and [ɜ] appears if it has front vowels.
There is a contrast between [ʊ] or [ʌ ~ ɜ] and full elision. There is no such distinction with [ʲɪ], see the following chapter. That emphasizes the fact that reduced consonants can be very short.


Orthography

A language with palatalization is nice for Cyrillic script.

Vowels
ʲi u <и у>
ʲe o <е о>
ʲæ ɑ <я а>

When long:
ʲi: u: <ии уу>
ʲe: o: <еэ оо>
ʲæ: ɑ: <яэ аа>

When reduced:
ʲɪ ʊ ʌ~ɜ <ь ъ э>

Consonants
p t tʲ t͡s k <п т ть ц к>
b d dʲ k <б д дь к>
s sʲ <с сь>
z zʲ <з зь>
m n nʲ <м н нь>
l lʲ <л ль>
r rʲ <р рь>
ʋ j <в й>

Geminated consonants are written twice, but <ь> of palatalization is not repeated.

This orthography relatively well marks strong syllables. All monosyllabic words are strong. Similarly syllables followed by a reduced vowel are strong.
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

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p t k͡p k
b t g͡b g
f s
v z
m n l r
j w

Long
i: ɨ: u: <í ý ú>
e: o: <é ó>
ɛ: ɔ: <è ò>
ä: <á>

Short
i ɨ u <i y u>
ɛ ɔ <e o>
a <a>

Similar length systems to those in the above project.
Nouns have DIRECT, LOCATIVE, and GENITIVE cases.

NOM tasa (short first syllable)
LOC taasa (long first syllable)
GEN tassa (long first syllable)

NOM taas (extra-long first syllable)
LOC taasü (extra-long first syllable)
GEN taasï (extra-long first syllable)

NOM tass (extra-long first syllable)
LOC tassü (extra-long first syllable)
GEN tassï (extra-long first syllable)

Nasals and liquids can replace a short vowel
NOM tnsa (short first syllable)
LOC tansa (long first syllable)
GEN tnssa (long first syllable)
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

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Omzinesý wrote: 06 Jul 2021 23:19 p t k͡p k
ɓ ɗ
β? ɹ w
m n
s

i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ
ə
a ã

Phonotactics
(C)V(C)
The coda is always a voiceles stop or /s/.

Stress on the penultimate syllable if it is closed.
Stress on the ultimate syllable if the penultimate syllable is open.

Mainly agglutinative (Adding schwa to C_CV# to move stress to the last syllable is kind process morphology.)
Head marking
Fluid intransitive marking on cross-referencing in the verb.
Mood-prominent (no tense or aspect), evidentiality
Converbs
Noun classes are marked with an infix after the first consonant of the stem
k<i>sani
<HUMAN.SG>-person
'a person'

k<ut>sani
<PHYSICAL>-person
'human body'

Verbs agree the class of their subject.
wan-i
eat-HUMAN.SG
'She/he is eating. '


All non-monovalent verbs have a voice-kind marker that codes the role of the second argument. I gloss it as APPLICATIVE.

p-et-wan-i
APPL.DESTROY-LIQUID-eat-HUMAN
'She/he is eating (ie. drinking) the liquid.'


If there isn't the voice marker, the second argument appears as an adjunct in the oblique case or is incorporated.

wan-i n<et>sak-e
eat-HUMAN <liquid>water-OBL
'She/He is drinking water.'
~
nesak-wan-i
water-eat-HUMAN

The applicative thing is not an Austronesian trigger. Topicality or definiteness doesn't really affect which voice is used. The voice used is rather determined by the verb lexeme, though some voices can be used by one verb.
Topicality is coded in word order.
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

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Omzinesý wrote: 04 Jul 2021 10:46 A Pseudo-Germanic lang

One of my favoutite consonant inventories, which I didn't make myself but somebody posted in Random Phonologies thread years ago.
p t̪ t͡s k
m n ŋ
s x
z ɣ
l ɾ (or possibly ʀ)
ʋ j

Hungurian-ish vowels
y i u
ø e o
ä
Vowels are either long or short (still considering if it affects quality)
Normal voice or creaky voice. (Creaky voice always with vowel-initial words ála German, where the glottal stop seems to often realize that way.)
(I'm not sure if length and phonation distinctions can co-appear or if one is neutralized ála Danish.)

Nouns
Two genders: Fem Masc + Plural, where gender is neutralized.
Two noun cases: Nominative and Obliques (Accusative-Dative, double object).
Geninitive could be formed with a kind of Idaafa: [possessed][article[possessor]], "house the man".

Case and gender appear in the article (and somewhat in adjective attributes):
DEF.M.NOM, DEF.F.NOM, DEF.PL.NOM
DEF.M.OBL, DEF.F.OBL, DEF.PL.OBL
INDEF.M.NOM, INDEF.F.NOM, INDEF.PL.NOM
INDEF.M.OBL, INDEF.F.OBL, INDEF.PL.OBL

In the possession construction, the article has the case and number of the possessor but the case of the whole NP/possessed.

Location prepositions express direction with Oblique and place with Nominative, ála Esperanto.
I'm still thinking how to derive the consonant phoneme inventory.
Probably the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated stops could be maintained in consonant clusters.

pʰr → px ~ pχ
pr ~ br → pɣ ~ pʁ
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

Post by Omzinesý »

A Romlang

Verb
- Stress always lies on the stem.
- Second conjugation (e) verbs have a synthetic imperfect with -j and a complex imperfect with auxiliary to 'I have'. First conjugation verbs only have the complex imperfect.
- The perfect is always complex but, in third persons, the auxiliary can be dropped.
- The future is formed with prefix vol-.

Present Indicative
'faço 'I do'
'façes
'façe
'façeus
'façeis
'façen

Imperfect Indicative
'fa.çjo ~ to 'fat
'fa.çjes ~ tes 'fat
'fa.çje ~ 'te 'fat
'fa.çjeus ~ 'teneus 'fat
'fa.çjeis ~ 'teneis 'fat
'fa.çjen ~ ten 'fat

Perfect Indicative
'avo 'fat
'aves 'fat
'ave 'fat ~ 'fat
'aveus 'fat
'aveis 'fat
'aven 'fat ~ 'fat

Future
vol'faço
vol'façes
vol'façe
vol'façeus
vol'façeis
vol'façen
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

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Still the Romlang

There is a small conjugation of 5 monosyllabic verbs:

da- 'give'
fa- 'do'
sa- 'know'
sta- 'stay'
va- 'go'

Their specialities are:
- present indicative sg1 -u and sg2 imperative -i markers are added to the vowel stem
- present indicative pl1 and pl2 markers are syllabic -mus -this
- imperfect is formed with -v(a)
- conjunctive present forms are irregular (dia, facha, sapha, stia, vada)

sau 'I know'
sas
sa
samus
satis
san

Sai 'Know!'

savo 'I knew'
savas
sava
savaus
savais
savan

pe sapha 'that I know'
pe saphas
pe sapha
pe saphaus
pe sapais
pe saphan
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

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Omzinesý wrote: 05 Aug 2021 16:19
Omzinesý wrote: 04 Jul 2021 10:46 A Pseudo-Germanic lang

One of my favoutite consonant inventories, which I didn't make myself but somebody posted in Random Phonologies thread years ago.
p t̪ t͡s k
m n ŋ
s x
z ɣ
l ɾ (or possibly ʀ)
ʋ j

Hungurian-ish vowels
y i u
ø e o
ä
Vowels are either long or short (still considering if it affects quality)
Normal voice or creaky voice. (Creaky voice always with vowel-initial words ála German, where the glottal stop seems to often realize that way.)
(I'm not sure if length and phonation distinctions can co-appear or if one is neutralized ála Danish.)

Nouns
Two genders: Fem Masc + Plural, where gender is neutralized.
Two noun cases: Nominative and Obliques (Accusative-Dative, double object).
Geninitive could be formed with a kind of Idaafa: [possessed][article[possessor]], "house the man".

Case and gender appear in the article (and somewhat in adjective attributes):
DEF.M.NOM, DEF.F.NOM, DEF.PL.NOM
DEF.M.OBL, DEF.F.OBL, DEF.PL.OBL
INDEF.M.NOM, INDEF.F.NOM, INDEF.PL.NOM
INDEF.M.OBL, INDEF.F.OBL, INDEF.PL.OBL

In the possession construction, the article has the case and number of the possessor but the case of the whole NP/possessed.

Location prepositions express direction with Oblique and place with Nominative, ála Esperanto.
I'm still thinking how to derive the consonant phoneme inventory.
Probably the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated stops could be maintained in consonant clusters.

pʰr → px ~ pχ
pr ~ br → pɣ ~ pʁ
So, there are two cases: the nominative and the oblique (merger of the accusative, dative, and genitive). They mostly realize in articles. The masculine nominative definite article is da, and the masculine oblique definite article is do.

Kat 'cat' and man 'man' are both masculine.

1)
In an older state of the language, the possessor followed the possessed in the oblique case, which was a remnant of the old genitive case.

So the NP in the nominative was:
da kat do man 'the cat of the man'

And the NP in the oblique case was:
do kat do man 'the cat of the man'

2)
But then the article of the possessed was lost. That also happens with the English 's genitive: ?? 'the man's the cat'

So, both the constructions became alike:
kat do man 'the cat of the man'

3)
But now the construction had just one article, always in the oblique case. It was reanalysed as the marker of the case of the whole construction:

So the NP in the nominative became:
kat da man 'the cat of the man'

And the NP in the oblique case became:
kat do man 'the cat of the man'

4)
Now the oblique case had lost its function as the marker of possession and the possession construction was just expressed syntactically. So, the oblique case is now called the accusative and it markes both direct and indirect objects.

Does this sound like a natural development?
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

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A lang imitating Chinese

Onset
pʰ tʰ t͡ʂʰ kʰ
p t t͡ʂ k
b d d͡ʐ g
s ʂ
z ʐ
l
mʰ nʰ ɲʰ
m n ɲ

- Alveolars and retroflexes merger before /i/ or /y/ or a corresponding glide and become corresponding palatals.

Medial
j ɥ w

Nucleus
i y u
ə
ɑ ɒ
(The coda consonants below can also be syllabic. )

/jə/ = [je]
/ɥə/ = [ɥe]
/wə/ = [wo]

/jɑ/= [ja]
/ɥɑ/ =[ɥa]
/wɑ/=[wɑ]

/jɒ/= [jɶ]
/ɥɒ/=[ɥɶ]
/wɒ/=[wɒ]

Coda
n ŋ (Nasalizes the preceding vowel)
l ʟ


Tones
The tone system is relatively easy.
<a> flat tone
<á> rising tone
<à> lowering tone
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

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Omzinesý wrote: 11 Sep 2021 18:18 A new derivation from Kahichali phoneme inventory.

p t k
s ʃ ç x (ʍ)
m n
l r j (w)

- I'm not sure if the labiovelars should be included.

y i u
ɛ ɑ
Vowels can be nasalized and have some tones.

Syllable structure:
(C)(C)V

The allowed consonant clusters are:
plosive + fricative/liquid
{p t k} + {s ʃ ç x (ʍ) l r}
Phonetically, there are thus affricates and velar/palatal 'aspiration'.
Accent
This is best described as a pitch-accent language. There are three tones: high, rising, and mid. A syllable can be either accented (has either a high tone or a rising tone) on non-accented (has a mid tone). The rules are:
i) Last syllable is never accented.
ii) Two accented syllables cannot appear in line.
iii) More than three non-accented syllables cannot appear in line (three is rare too).

Most words have one accented syllable but long ones have several. Words without accents are possible.

There are thus feet consisting of an accented syllable and (a) non-accented syllable(s), but their lengths are irregular.
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

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Mekša. 'I (we excl.) hit him/her/them.'
Mekha. 'You hit him/her/them.'
Meka. 'He/she/they hit him/her/them.'
Mekra. 'We (incl.) hit him/her/them.'

Mehetša. 'He/she/they hit me (us excl.).'
Mehetha. 'He/she/they hit you.'
Meheta. 'He/she/they hit him/her/them.'
Mehetra. 'He/she/they hit us (incl.).'
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

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Generated the words of the snowball thread according to the phonotactic rules of a lang of mine.


Code: Select all

moko	abdomen
nera	accident
meuniain	actress/actor
uamu	adult
aluir	afraid
irvlin	afternoon
frume	agree
prerjrae	air
polsu	airplane
fenru	alive
maco	angry
sanxo	animal
mopa	ant
froercu	apologize
epu	apple
napo	argue
fanso	arm
tleikroe	arrow
nirla	artist
aiuo	ashes
urgle	ask
olvroi	autumn, fall
peli	baby
tokreon	back
fexa	back
take	bad
senklor	bag
utlaon	bake
nefeu	ball
kula	banana
feiko	band
xune	bank
pulci	bar
uiii	bark
riru	basket
tuko	be
iaitain	be (location)
uara	beach
nukroi	bean
xoiar	bear
xoce	beard
klolsel	beautiful, pretty
elplun	become, to get, to turn
oeclo	bed
einnoe	beef
torii	beer
arjrir	begin, to start
anflo	believe, to think
xerjrein	belt
xalso	bicycle
icre	big, large
aopreur	bird
floca	birthday
nurpan	bite
noxe	black
crifloin	bleed
rali	blind
onjrer	blonde
ekou	blood
flice	blue
sepa	boat
oilkri	body
pelca	bone
kufral	book
xarki	bored
teko	born
aose	borrow
saue	bottle
maxo	bottom
eoldlu	box
tinxa	boy (young man)
xoljal	bread
calce	break
cilie	break wind, to fart, to pass gas
ploufaer	breakfast
tana	breast
lupu	breathe
iuno	bridge
oljeo	bring
eirkao	brother
mene	brown
ildor	build
monma	burn
tanno	bus
rurli	bush
xiniu	button
craorjla	buy
crutlir	cabbage
irbrae	cake
telko	call (refer to by a certain name)
xiie	camel
poru	camera
erfar	car, automobile
rifa	card
calxa	carry
icril	cat
uelse	CD
liio	cell phone
menta	chair
eiuoe	change
eltei	cheap
eolba	chicken
ualta	chicken
xanle	child
sica	child (reciprocal of parent)
eunlen	chocolate
crunvo	church/temple
nelfe	cinema, movie theater
eildol	city, town
autu	class
ueluo	clean
troenblou	climb
proiclen	close
talmo	clothes
toincu	cloud
oulmeu	coat
sansa	coffee
sorni	coin
irbeor	cold
punna	cold
xoka	color
rerse	come
ennan	computer
oeplaur	concert
iuke	continue
mapa	cook
unuoe	cookie, biscuit
lofi	cool
tenko	corn, maize
siio	corner
uici	cost
rari	cough
olblo	country, nation, state, land
plorcla	cow
menuu	crawl
peua	cry
kuta	curly
lecroe	cut
ifrir	dance
pratrei	dark
trokloe	date
kenno	daughter
nanmo	day (time it takes a planet to rotate on its axis)
kreorfoi	day, daytime
uouu	dead
serca	decide
fume	deep
nirpae	defecate, to take a dump, to do one’s business
sulfoin	desert
kunu	diamond
soke	dictionary
luua	die
rarla	different
aelprae	dig
lonti	dinner, supper
uarla	dirty
corlo	do, to perform
oirvrer	doctor
lalca	dog
rese	dollar (or other monetary unit)
tanra	door
klairtreul	draw
tanui	dream
ofri	drink
fofle	drive
pilpreu	drum
pleupril	dry
roce	dull
krase	dust
eurrou	ear
oton	early
fraoflir	earth
funsa	eat
nupi	egg
corfu	elephant
ortir	empty
aoua	evening
aocleur	excited
lece	expensive
xoerplu	eye
oepro	face
uexa	fall
oilfrol	farmer
tleofla	fast
aeniae	father
ruxo	feather
eprou	feed
auprun	feel
manli	feel
piia	feel
tilo	find
endrun	finger
purno	finish, to complete
cotin	fire
ulvloi	first
xiio	fish
solfrau	fish
ifoer	fish
coku	fisherman
menci	flat
xolna	float
ciklir	flow
oka	flower
uipa	fly
tunpi	fly
eurvreir	food
roirnu	foot
tauclir	forest
traendru	freckles
fula	freeze
kuna	fresh
praelu	friend
xinfi	front
ferxu	fruit
iexo	full
roerpleun	game
irmun	garden
faxa	get, to come to have, to obtain
paci	girl (young woman)
renuo	give
xelpe	glass
aefeor	glasses
ainxoil	glove
ukloen	go
fleutro	go down, to descend
punlo	go shopping
kupaur	go up, to ascend
pluxo	goat
irfleor	gold
xeofrou	good
tenu	grass
solpo	green
colo	grey
siflaor	group
runsa	guitar
aplo	gun
irclu	hair
karjo	ham
uila	hand
foilplen	handsome, attractive
mamoel	happen
toue	happy
kalke	hard
treolpu	hat
sarxo	hate
xenxen	have (a baby)
munra	have sex, to sleep with, to make love, to fornicate
polro	have, to possess, to own
plultle	hazel
creclol	head
ata	headphones
eunglo	hear
safi	heart
iulso	heavy
rifi	help (assist)
loui	high
iclu	hit
eniin	home, house
tine	homework
xini	honey
pakren	horse
cuki	hospital
lunsa	hot
fannu	hot
crelei	hotel
aute	hour (or equivalent)
suuo	huge
aenfrun	human
proplaur	hungry
icleo	hunt
oplae	husband
aonia	ice
urklo	insect
ukrou	interested
iapi	iron
uirjeul	island
xounvil	jacket
efi	juice
aolklu	jump
uaia	kick
tilui	kill
pilfe	kind, type, sort
olneu	king
cese	kiss
mera	knee
furmu	knife
fulma	know
karo	lake
neklar	lamb
finii	last
untlu	late
iljle	laugh
tleirvle	leaf
preilploil	learn
eixo	leave
ellar	left
ploeual	leg
loma	lend
luxo	let
iefu	letter (written message)
ulu	library
clounal	lie
terci	lie, to recline
tiflel	life
pinsa	light
cixe	light
rouu	lightweight
cirku	like (doesn't need to be expressed by a verb)
ounxo	lion
xilu	listen
pilxo	little boy
iilfu	little girl
tuua	little, small
iolli	live
aroe	long
prelsoi	look
laupeu	look
kuue	lose
algroe	lose
flalfoir	love
tunto	low
nolcloin	lunch
oefoen	magazine
forso	make (cause to be)
cirgu	make (create)
tali	man
niie	marry
porjeun	mean
oerflon	meat
ungu	meet
uefa	meeting
punmi	messy (of hair)
xake	metal
sulpu	middle
xorsa	milk
canci	mirror
xonre	miss
eflar	money
fiku	monkey
iljril	month
lese	moon
ianli	morning
xurfle	mother
rafa	motorcycle
cufa	mountain
siri	mouse
iangren	mouth
prourdaer	move
uefu	movie, film
rone	music
uile	nail
iuua	name
soikeo	narrow
creploe	neck
ourcleol	need
api	neighbor
iolce	new
porpa	newspaper
nuke	night
larxu	nose
elso	nut
xeiu	ocean, sea
moxe	old
sinu	old
ceklun	onion
iolmo	open
nenial	orange
xurmu	orange
iorpu	paint (a house, etc.)
larkraur	pair, couple
iiku	pants
uese	paper
tema	parents
ueni	park
tufu	party
kille	pay
tome	pen
eolpin	pencil
nurka	pepper (Capsicum)
leirjrai	person, people
riro	photograph
nonro	piano
cermo	pick
uone	picture
rurcran	pie
silme	pig
einflen	pink
uirsi	place
xenplen	plant
soxe	plant
iolo	play
feue	play (an instrument)
ainjro	poor
olgo	pork
iofe	potato
iman	president or prime minister, whichever your connation has
flifil	priest
furi	prince
suxu	princess
lulue	proud
ierlu	pull
natu	purple
onau	push
loso	put
xuno	queen
tulxi	rabbit
suni	race
nanvloi	radio
mirxe	rain
oerga	red
teii	refrigerator
pracer	reply, to answer
neriu	request, to ask for/that
solko	restaurant
oukroir	restroom
elbau	return
afil	rice
ienka	rich
numo	ride (a bicycle, a camel, etc.)
orflan	right
xuxe	right, correct
cralkoel	ring, piercing
aurlo	river
tentu	road
ecran	rock, stone
iaolxo	room
falkrai	root
flinui	rope
koro	rose
uunii	rotten
leimo	rough
surfin	round
menia	rub
roki	run
cipa	sad
temi	sailor
efun	salad
sirne	salt
otlao	same
lepo	sand
falti	sauce
cino	say
iorto	school
caonpal	scientist
una	scratch
tika	see
lantu	seed
anla	seem, to appear to be
xamu	sell
iure	send
klaerpror	shadow
cefe	shake
icrin	shallow
proplo	share
cirpi	sharp
kolku	shatter
oetu	sheep
morto	shell
iufro	ship
kota	shirt
olkol	shoe
tleinflaun	shoot
uklul	short
falne	short (height)
orjo	shorts
xuxu	shoulder
xufa	show
iunbleun	shower
flafin	sign
tonca	silver
urxol	sing
lanfi	sink
creluor	sister
lunu	sit
tleungun	skateboard
funpe	skin
longur	skirt
runie	sky
recu	sleep
creiful	slow
irpla	smell
clourxoe	smell
iaklair	smile
enuun	smoke
culvle	smooth
ouxu	snake
uaca	snow
kato	soap
peta	sock
silno	soft
fefa	soil, dirt
corxa	soldier
ruku	son
uuxa	song
flaotlal	sorry
tarua	sound
xorti	sound
tutur	soup
irpoe	space
rerfa	speak, to talk
losi	spear
neliu	spider
souu	spit
xerce	split
orcleol	spring
uelbran	squash, to crush
aecrir	squeeze
uepron	stab
ankli	stand
xouo	star
sanli	stay, to remain, to keep
uiuo	steal
uolku	stick
neri	stop, to end
icri	store, shop
kilo	straight
merkan	straight (hair)
filcu	street
craci	striped
peiu	student
lora	suck
ofi	sugar
fultu	summer
ploncol	sun
mufo	sunglasses
iurio	surprised
tato	swallow
pisa	sweat, to perspire
kloirga	swell
tuna	swim
areu	system
trirfroul	T-shirt
porpu	table
xume	tail
ikrer	take
plifro	take (a photo)
parmi	tall
aclu	tap (on the shoulder)
tarse	taste
iolte	taste
iaxo	taxi
xucran	teach
aenseor	teacher
cirru	team
opoul	tear
unuan	tear
ceuroi	teen, adolescent
fruploe	telephone, phone
eulvil	television, TV
licu	tell
lenki	test, exam
unglil	thank
fanie	thick
treordle	thin
iirue	thing
kroseu	think
uusa	thirsty
iotu	throw
mirui	time
noke	tiny
xuci	tired
tlaolcu	toe
sule	tomato
nekeil	tongue
tomi	tooth
corle	top
uioun	touch
uanie	tower
clitoil	train
riuu	tree
xexo	trip
milno	truck
aunraon	try, to attempt
pulta	turn
neltro	ugly
kaua	understand, to see
ferie	urinate, to pee, to piss, to make water, to take a leak
casi	use
pafo	vacation (US)/holiday (UK)
celsa	valley
pimo	vegetable
enple	vomit, to throw up, to puke
sari	wagon
kloxun	wait
sarie	waiter/waitress/server
koio	wake up
apren	walk
pori	wall
corpi	want, would like
utroin	war
eprae	warm
oilbrau	warrior
tira	wash
cerru	watch
xendlen	watch
xapa	water
punfi	wavy
friljrai	way
uprau	wear
kifo	wedding
mepi	week
tanmu	wet
calci	wheel
ifro	white
fleinproen	wide
fleltler	wife
afrar	win
tleltrai	wind
ruro	window
urglaun	wing
sallu	winter
mulce	wipe
xako	woman
xixu	wonder
pirlo	wood
lanle	word
papi	work
carpla	world
aiul	worm
nirgron	write
reoial	wrong
frereu	yawn
tose	year
lelii	yellow
ralsi	young











eful	
uino	
uincu	
aulceur	
eorsar	
ualka	
fonbroe	
tuni	
undroin	
aira	
mimu	
uaxi	
lartu	
onflul	
klurdra	
nuuo	
flolrael	
eljraer	
fante	
mola	
terxe	
ocreo	
melpo	
ferui	
iaua	
comu	
sullo	
froefrae	
uomo	
pinmi	
uuto	
oeuil	
lounlur	
uallo	
eopun	
kuxa	
capu	
mirle	
xifi	
olrul	
maue	
senmu	
craunvon	
iete	
xilca	
xoni	
lunfe	
flindri	
kruclu	
urvler	
surte	
lone	
femi	
leiu	
paka	
sifa	
oinnal	
feinjla	
leplor	
luniu	
infon	
taiu	
nului	
olbi	
eran	
acur	
saku	
omoel	
plorklo	
tlinjai	
kance	
plutreil	
sirua	
panfe	
salun	
fale	
ecri	
eotlo	
tlukleo	
kroekra	
auplaur	
filuul	
oilvlil	
aclal	
clekan	
uljro	
auoir	
utro	
larri	
ikon	
sorui	
larua	
toinuou	
anprau	
xatu	
siue	
xerxu	
lotu	
moue	
tilli	
plounploe	
tlaoseo	
faoril	
rufo	
ervrae	
leruu	
triprar	
ieukrul	
poria	
purpe	
monre	
aldour	
turtri	
flopu	
xoplen	
mirua	
creorgroe	
paurplan	
kirmi	
filu	
iimu	
krarclur	
lirfi	
uce	
ruci	
mife	
punu	
xarue	
klilda	
eulni	
moniu	
otloel	
peonkrir	
xeltlon	
pepi	
praolren	
lixi	
enjloen	
oerpreu	
auclein	
xoxo	
irgu	
pane	
ruti	
meser	
claolin	
erclei	
kosa	
anfrein	
alblor	
lullu	
oenmen	
reirvor	
xuse	
fifo	
toeuar	
nosi	
urbreon	
rapu	
anjlen	
nonma	
iilme	
lelto	
flaulpail	
nina	
onu	
fana	
iisi	
ritril	
meso	

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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

Post by Omzinesý »

Still one lang

There are two sets of vowels:
short: ä, e, i, ɨ~ɘ, o, u, äi, ei, ɨi~ɘi, oi, äu, eu, ɨu~ɘu, ou
long: ä:, e:, i:, ɨ:~ɘ:, o:, u:, äe, e:, ɘe, oe, äo, eo, ɘo, o:

t k
b~ʙ d~ɾ
β ɹ j ɻ ɣ
s ʃ h
m (pm) n (tn) ŋ* (kŋ*)
l (tl) ʟ* (kʟ*)

*in coda only
The status of the prestopped nasals and laterals will be analysed later. Probably they are just the long version of the corresponding consonants.

Lengthening is usually a morphological process.
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

Post by Omzinesý »

Yokpir (Cyrillic гöкпир) [jøʔ'pʲir]
A lang inspired by "Altaic". I imagine it being spoken somewhere near Lake Baikal.

Non-reduced vowels:
y i ɨ u
ø e ɘ o
[œ] ɛ ɑ ɒ

Reduced vowel:
ə

There is a harmony among non-reduced vowels. The first vowel of the word determines if the other vowels are back or front and partially if they are rounded or not. [œ] does not appear in first syllables, so it is not phonemic but a kindof front allophone of /ɒ/.

In first syllables, the vowels are written:
/i y ɨ u/ <и ӱ ы у>
/e ø ɘ o/ <е ӧ ӗ о>
/ɛ (œ) ɑ ɒ/ <ӓ - а ӑ>

In the other syllables, the dots are removed.
/i y ɨ u/ <и у ы у>
/e ø ɘ o/ <е о ӗ о>
/ɛ (œ) ɑ ɒ/ <a ӑ а ӑ>

The reduced vowel is written with yers ь and ъ.

Yokpir vowels are:
pʰ tʲʰ tˠʰ kʲʰ qʰ
p tʲ tˠ kʲ q
m nʲ nˠ
r
sʲ sˠ ɬʲ ɬˠ ʃ ç χ
β j ʁ

Historically, there was complementary distribution between palatalized and velarized/uvular consonants. Loan words and some sound changes, however, broke the system and palatalization/velarization became phonemic.

Yokpir syllable structure is simple (C)V(C). Some vowels do not appear in coda.

Onset labials
/p m β/ do not have phonemic palatalization. They are palatalized before front vowels and velarized before back vowels. Before the reduced vowel or word-finally, they have neither secondary articulation.
In onset, they are written <п м в>.

ʃ
/ʃ/ is also neutral for palatalization and velarization. It is written <ш>.

Onset dentals
All dentals /tʲ tˠ nʲ nˠ sʲ sˠ ɬʲ ɬˠ r r/ have a phonemic contrast between palatalization and velarization. The palatalized dentals can appear before all vowels. The velarized dentals appear before back vowels only.
Palatalized dentals are written <т н с л р> before front vowels, and <ть нь сь ль рь> fefore back vowels.
Velarized dentals are written <т н с л р> before back vowels.

Onset dorsals
Dorsals /kʲ q ç χ j ʁ/ can all appear before all vowels. Voiceless uvulars do not however appear after closed vowels.
Before front vowels, they are written <к къ х хъ г гъ>.
Before back vowels, they are written <кь к хь х гь г>.

Reduced syllable
A reduced syllable has schwa as its vowel and has no coda. The first or last syllable of a word cannot be reduced. All consonants but aspirates can be its onset. Voiceless consonants are voiced in a reduced syllable.
The scwa is written <ь> after palatalized consonants and <ъ> after other consonants.
The allophonic voicing of / p t k s ʃ X/ is witten <б д ґ з ж г>.


Word-internal coda
The phonemic distinction between palatalized and velarized/uvularal consonants is lost in coda. It is assimilated with that of the onset of the following syllable. Aspiration is also lost. Nasals also assimilate with the following consonant in POA. Before a voiceless consonant, sonorants are devoiced. The consonants appearing in coda are: /ʔ N s ɬ ʃ X r/.

Absolute coda
The following consonants can appear in absolute coda.
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

Post by Omzinesý »

Idea of an IE lang

Probaly somewhere in Transylvania (some Balkanisms)

Four tenses (no aspect distinctions)
Present (regular verbs: root)
Past (regular verbs: reduplicated "perfect" stem)
Pluperfect (This is still problematic. I'd like it to be synthetic anyways. )
Future (Probably derived from "optative" with -i)

Nouns could have Hungarian-style agglutinative cases.


Preliminary phonology
p t c͡ç k <p t kj k>
b d g~ɣ~ɦ (g) <b d h (g)>
t͡s t͡ɕ <c cj>
d͡ʑ <g/gj>
f s ɕ <f s sj>
v z ʑ <v z zj>
l r j <l r j>

i u <i u>
e o <e o>
ɛ ɔ <ae/æ ao>
ä <a>
Vowels have a length distinction and there could be a simplish pitch accent.

Centum - velars palatalized after front vowels, labialized velars delabialized (much like Romance)
Probably a Indo-Iranian vowel system *a/*e/*o -> a, *a:/*e:/*o: -> a:, later a: -> ɛ / ɔ (depending on preceding vowel (umlaut))
New vowel length is gained by compensatory lengthening.
Last edited by Omzinesý on 20 Jan 2022 16:18, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

Post by Omzinesý »

Some developments of consonants for the IE lang in the message above.

The "plain stops" experience a diphthongization like that of Grimm's law or High-German consonant shift.
*p => p͡f => f, *t => t͡s, *k => k͡x, *kʷ => ?
The other two seris are merged as in Slavic but they become voiceless.
*b/*bh => p, *d/*dh => t, *g/*gh => k, *g/*gh => kʷ

There is a palatalization process like that of West-Romance. The palatalized versions of velars are distinct. One is a spirant affricate and the other is a sibilant affricate.
k͡x => c͡ç /_V[+front]
k => t͡ʃ /_V[+front]
The non-palatalized velars are merged. The labialized velars also become /k/.
kʷ => k
k͡x => k

The system end up being something like this.
p t k
t͡s t͡ʃ c͡ç
f s
m n
l r
j w

Later all obstruents develop phonemic voiced pairs through several roads.


[prä:r˩˥] 'brother'
[fä:r˩˥] 'father'
[te:d˥˩] 'tooth'
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

Post by Omzinesý »

Omzinesý wrote: 17 Jan 2022 10:24 Some developments of consonants for the IE lang in the message above.

The "plain stops" experience a diphthongization like that of Grimm's law or High-German consonant shift.
*p => p͡f => f, *t => t͡s, *k => k͡x, *kʷ => ?
The other two seris are merged as in Slavic but they become voiceless.
*b/*bh => p, *d/*dh => t, *g/*gh => k, *g/*gh => kʷ

There is a palatalization process like that of West-Romance. The palatalized versions of velars are distinct. One is a spirant affricate and the other is a sibilant affricate.
k͡x => c͡ç /_V[+front]
k => t͡ʃ /_V[+front]
The non-palatalized velars are merged. The labialized velars also become /k/.
kʷ => k
k͡x => k

The system end up being something like this.
p t k
t͡s t͡ʃ c͡ç
f s
m n
l r
j w

Later all obstruents develop phonemic voiced pairs through several roads.


[prä:r˩˥] 'brother'
[fä:r˩˥] 'father'
[te:d˥˩] 'tooth'
I think it could still be Satem.

kj => S
gj and ghj => tS

So there are only two velars
k => kx
g and gh => k

Before front vowels and /j/, the velars palalize, creating c͡ç and kj.
So the palatalized velars can appear before any vowel, while the non-palatalized velars only appear before front back vowel.
Later, the non-palatalized velars are lenited to /h/ (as in Hungarian).
Palatalization of velars, thus, stops being distinctive, and in "back" environments they are depalatalized.

*gwen => gen (satem) > gan (merger of the vowels) => kan (devoicing) => han 'woman' (lenition of vowels)
*gjhmo:n => t͡ʃamɔ 'man'

t͡ʃamɔ, like all words in the nasal declension, is interesting.

SG
NOM t͡ʃamɔ 'man'
ACC t͡ʃamɔn (n-stem)

PL
NOM t͡ʃamani 'people'
ACC t͡ʃamanin

PL
NOM t͡ʃamɔni 'men'
ACC t͡ʃamɔnin

t͡ʃamani is the etymological plural.
t͡ʃamɔni is analogical, as well as the SG.ACC t͡ʃamɔn that should be t͡ʃaman without analogy.
Edit: There could also be a kind of Verner's law:
*pa'ter => fazr => fàr 'father'
*'brater => prasr => prár 'brother'
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

Post by Omzinesý »

I remembered my old project which wasn't an IE lang in the beginning but which was implicitly inspired by IE.

I think I could make it a lost IE branch that is spoken somewhere on the border of Hungary (yes, again!) and Czech.

- avoids closed syllables, has very heavy onsets
- modern language has stress on the first syllable, but in earlier stages has lost many initial vowels
equus => hvu
aqua => ha

- Two genders: animate and inanimate (mostly based on biology) that are presented in pronouns (also adjectival pronouns)
- Three cases: Nom, Acc, Dat (accusatives differ by definiteness)

Code: Select all

NOM -a, -u, -i 
ACC.INDEF -á, -ú, -í (from -Vm => long nasal vowel => long vowel) 
ACC.DEF -ó, ó, é (analogical between indefinite accusative and dative) 
DAT -o, -o, -e (<= -ai, -oi, -ii) 
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

Post by Omzinesý »

During the first biking trip of the spring, I thought about a new IE lang, once again.

Based on this viewtopic.php?p=315128#p315128


Centum
Lacks s-mobile
- It merges all MOAs of stops (d/t/dh -> t)
- p -> f
- kw -> p
- Stops preceding front vowels are voiced
- t -> z
- basically all clusters stop+r -> ts

Three cases, three numbers

Sg Dual Pl
Nom viz vizu vizi 'person'
Acc vizen vizun vizin
Gen vize vizve vizje

Two genders: Animate and Inanimate
- adjectives modifying Animate nouns take suffix -s

Verbs have two aspects
Imperfective (present) (Prefixes can be added to form past and future forms, but the present form works in all tenses.)
Sg1 gramatan 'I write'
Sg2 gramatas
3th gramata
Pl1 gramatamo
Pl2 gramatato

Past perfective
Sg1 sun gramatat
Sg2 sus gramatat
3th gramatat
Pl1 esmo gramatat
Pl2 esto gramatat

Future perfective
Sg1 sun gramatak
Sg2 sus gramatak
3th gramatak
Pl1 esmo gramatak
Pl2 esto gramatak
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread

Post by Omzinesý »

p t c k
b d ɟ g
f θ̙ ç x
s ʃ
m n ɲ
l ʎ

Intervocally, voiced stops and voiceless fricatives merge and lenite to voiced fricatives [v ɹ ʝ ɣ]. Sibilants are also voiced to [z ʒ].

i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a

The only allowed consonant clusters are {f s ʃ} + stop/fricative/nasal.
Otherwise, the phonotactics is CV.

Most of morphology is made with tones and vowel length.
All vowels can have either high or low tone.
All vowels can be either short or long.

Bisyllabic word must have one long vowel, either CV:CV, CVCV:, or CV:CV:. The language does not have stress.
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