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Artaxes
sinic
sinic
Posts: 416
Joined: 19 Aug 2010 00:39
Location: The Holy Eastern Empire of the Old Traditions
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Phonology

Consonants:

/p t k/ [p t k]
/b d g/
/t͡s t͡ʃ/ [c č]
/d͡z d͡ʒ/ [dz dž]
/ɸ θ s ʃ x ħ/ [f th s š ḫ h]
/β ð z ʒ ɣ ʕ/ [v dh z ž x r]
/m n/ [m n]
/l/ [l]
/j w/ [j w]

Vowels:

/i ɨ u/
/e o/ [e o]
/ə/ [ə]
/a/ [a]

/iː ɨː uː/ [ii yy uu]
/eː oː/ [ee oo]
/ə/ [əə]
/aː/ [aa]

Phonotactics:

CRVCC

R = /ħ ʕ l j w/

Accent:

Stress accent on first syllable.

Nouns

Case:

1. Nominative - gyyn 'woman' gyynt 'women'
2. Genitive -an/-n gyynan 'of woman' gyyntan 'of women'
3. Instrumental -eč/-č gyyneč 'with woman' gyynteč 'with women'
4. Vialis -ak/-k gyynak 'through woman' gyyntak 'through women'
5. Ablative -oth/-th gyynoth 'from woman' gyyntoth 'from women'
6. Allative -od/-d gyynod 'to woman' gyyntod 'to women'
7. Locative -la gyynla 'in woman' gyyntla 'in women'
8. Benefactive -ke gyynke 'for woman' gyyntke 'for women'

Number:

Singular - gyyn 'woman' berk 'wolf'
Plural -t /-ət gyynt 'women' berkət 'wolves'

Verbs

Aspect:

Imperfective - joodh- 'to see'
Iterative -jəl- joodhjəl- 'to see many times'
Perfective -ta- joodhta- 'to see (action performed)'

Voice:

Active - joodh - 'to see'
Passive -ar/-r joodhar- 'to be seen'
Causative -ew-/-w joodhew- 'to show'
Passive-Causative -eḫ-/-ḫ- joodheḫ- 'to be shown'

Mood:

Indicative - joodh- 'to see'
Conditional -baa- joodhbaa- 'would to see'
Jussive -nii joodhnii- 'should to see'

Person:

Singular / Plural

1. -an/-n joodhan 'I am seeing' / -ant/-nt joodhant 'We are seeing'
2. -as/-s joodhas 'thou art seeing' / -ast/-st joodhast 'you are seeing'
3. -af/-f joodhaf 'he/she/it is seeing' / -aft/-ft joodhaft 'they are seeing'

Tense:

Non-past - joodhan 'I am seeing'
Past - special copular verb + participle vahan joodha 'I was seeing'

Participle:

Adjectival -a joodha 'seeing'
Adverbial -o joodho 'seeing'

Gerund/Infinitive:

-ul joodhul 'seeing'

Adjectives

-a čajva 'good'

Degrees of comparison:

Positive - čajva 'good'
Comparative -iit- čajviita 'better'
Superlative -aal- čajvaala 'best'

Adverbs

-o čajvo 'well'

Degrees of comparison:

Positive - čajvo 'well'
Comparative -iit- čajviito 'better'
Superlative -aal- čajvaalo 'best'

Numerals

Cardinal:

1. ažat
2. nagaan
3. kraba
4. dhanan
5. thengan
6. tarb
7. madhal
8. ḫagdan
9. merve
10. caadur
11. ažatcaad
20. nagaancaad
21. nagaancaad ažat
100. tuslak
1.000. gadžak

Ordinal -n-a ažatna
Multiplicative -laar-a ažatlaara
Reproductive -rad-a ažatrada
Distributive -c-a ažatca
Fractional -uj-a ažatuja

Pronouns

Personal pronouns:

1. ni 'I' rat 'We'
2. mu 'thou' vet 'you'
3. es 'he/she/it' ḫet 'they'

Possessive pronouns:

Masculine Feminine

1. nija 'my' ratja 'our'
2. muja 'thy' vetja- 'your'
3. esja 'his/her/its' ḫetja 'their'

Prepositions

Locational:

er 'in'
ha 'on'
hava 'above'
hon 'under'
veer 'beside'
dyyn 'away'
čəən 'between'
zəəv 'behind'
dha 'out'
gagler 'around'
turdh 'before'
hadol 'during'
by 'after'

Other:

četh 'without'
erbeel 'instead'
zəəver 'against'
pahac 'despite, though'
ergyyl 'along, according to'

Particles

Conjunctions:

Paratactical conjunctions:

a 'and'
ača 'also'
ve 'or'
laa 'but'
še 'so'
də 'than'

Hypotactical conjunctions:

ko 'to, for'
čaža 'although'
boo 'because'
peča 'if'
nedhi 'that, providing'

Modifiers:

ažo 'only'
kayo 'yet'

Polarity particles:

dha 'yes'
ma 'no'

Syntax

Word order:

SOV (Subject - Object - Verb)

Describing word - Described word

Copular verb:

ut- 'to be'

Word formation

Derivation:

Agentive / Related person -ca mladz- 'to speak' → mladzca 'speaker' vagu 'cow' → vaguca 'cowman'
Place -man mladz- 'to speak' → mladzman 'rostrum'
Diminutive -(ə)ni šuul 'son' → šuulni 'little son'
Augmentative -baa dov 'mountain' → dovbaa 'grand mountain'
Related abstract -neen bast 'brother' → bastneen 'brotherhood'
Instrument -tok mredž- 'to destroy' → mredžtok 'instrument for destroying'
Instance -eh mladz- 'to speak → mladzeh 'speech'

Possessive / Affiliative -as-a hark 'horse' → harkasa 'equine'
Originative -m-a ningir 'sky' → ningirma 'celestial'
Similaritive -pral-a merk 'cat' → merkprala 'felid'
Feature -eh-a puur 'hair' → puureha 'hairy'
Privative ma-.-eh-a džaaf 'tooth' → madžaafeha 'toothless'
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