Phonology/Orthography
/m n̪ ɲ/ <m n ñ>
/p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ/ <p b t d c~qu g~gu>
/t͡ɕ d͡ʑ/ <ch j~g>
/s z ɕ/ <s~ss~ç s~z sch>
/f v/ <f v>
/j ȷ̃ w w̃/ <i i~e u~o u~o>
/ɾ r l̪ ʎ/ <r rr~r l ll>
/i u/ <i u>
/e o/ <e o>
/a/ <a>
/ĩ ũ/ <ĩ~in~iñ~im ũ~un~uñ~um/
/ẽ õ/ <ẽ~en~eñ~em õ~on~oñ~om/
/ɑ̃/ <ã~an~añ~am>
Allophones
/e o/ are pronounced as [ɛ ɔ] if stressed in closed syllables
/ɑ̃/ is pronounced as [ã] before [ȷ̃ w̃], [ȷ̃ã] after [ĩ ẽ], and [w̃ɑ̃] after [ũ õ]
/d͡ʑ/ is pronounced as [ʑ] between vowels
/l̪/ is pronounced as [ɫ̪] word finally or between two vowels as long as both aren't front vowels
/s/ is pronounced as [z] before a voiced consonant
Word final /s/ is pronounced as [z‿] before a vowel or voiced consonant, [ɕ‿] before /ɕ t͡ɕ/ and [ʑ‿] before /d͡ʑ/
/ɕ/ is pronounced as [ɕɕ] when used in the prefixes des-, dis-, es-, ex-, e.g: eschapar [eɕ.ɕa.ˈpaɾ] (to escape)
Orthography Notes
The orthography for Ceruliado is only slightly less phonetic than that of Portuguese or Spanish. Below are some orthography notes:
Acute accents are used almost identically to how they are in Spanish and there are only two exceptions:
-Words ending in diphthongs starting with <i u> place the accent on the vowel before it
-Some words in Ceruliado may receive an accent to disambiguate them from other words in ways Spanish may not (and vice-versa)
Grave accents are only used on <a> and <e> and can serve to show either a contraction or disambiguation. They never indicate the stress of the word, eg:
Aquel (that) vs. àquel (to that)
Se (if) vs. sé (1s present of saber) vs. sè (2s imperative of ser)
The tilde is used to show nasal vowels. It is mostly used for diphthongs but far from always, particularly with -ã and -õ which are both commonly seen at the end of nouns
Phonological Changes from Latin
In addition to the more obvious ones it shares with Portuguese and Spanish, Ceruliado has some more unique consonant changes too:
*cl- *pl- *fl- —> /t͡ɕ/ <ch>
*j- —> /d͡ʑ/ <j>
*c_a *g_a —> /t͡ɕ d͡ʑ/
*scl- *spl- *sc_a —> /ɕ/ <sch>
*-lt- *ct *pt —> /t/ <t>
*-cl- *li —> /ʎ/ <ll>
*gn *ni —> /ɲ/ <ñ>
*-nn- —> /n/ <n>
*-ll- —> /l/ <l>
*x —> /s/ <s~ss>
*a(l)_C —> /ɑ̃w̃/ (happened early on and in many words was replaced with the Latin equivalent)
*-V_les —> /is/ <is>
*-V_los —> /os/
*-iles (stressed on syllable) —> /iʎs/ —> /is/ <ills>
*-ove —> /ow/ <ou>
*-ve —> /f/ <f>
Vulgar Latin /ɛ ɔ/ and /e o/ have merged with [e o] being used in all cases except when stressed in a closed syllable where [ɛ ɔ] are used instead
Nasal Vowels
Generally, *-n- between vowels is dropped and the vowels around it become a nasal diphthong. This is written with a tilde above the first vowel like in Portuguese. If the two vowels are identical, they coalesce into a single vowel. This also occurs for the combinations /ĩẽ ẽĩ~ẽȷ̃/ which instead become /ĩ ẽ/.
*-ano —> /ɑ̃/ <añ~ã> word finally
*-nte —> /◌̃/ <nt> word finally (stresses the syllable)
In a few rare cases, a nasal between vowels may instead result in /ɲ/ between two non-nasalized vowels. This takes place, for example, in the imperfect forms of some irregular verbs: "Lo põ un amigo" (I consider him to be a friend) vs. "Lo poñia un amigo" (I considered him to be a friend)