Tulemo
Re: Tulemo Sentences and clause-external syntax
One of the interesting features of Tulemo is that conjunctions appear in main clauses. In (1), conjunction 'a 'then' appears in the main cause. Subordinate clauses, on the other hand, are somewhat reduced and less finite. They lack Auxiliary (Conjunction as well) and thus much of grammatical meanings of main clauses.
(1)
Sohilu, 'aþaso pu sefuki.
sohil-u, 'a-þ-a-so pu sefuki
eat-V, then-ANIM.S-SENSORY-SG1 to outdoors
'When I had eaten, I went outdoors.'
Literally: 'eat, then I went outdoors.'
Word order in subordinate clauses (in adverbial clauses at least) is always SVO, but arguments can be dropped. Arguments aren't however expressed as genitive attributes or anything like that.
(2)
Uso sohilu pupoli, mama 'aþa pu sefuki.
uso suhil-u pupol-i, mam-a 'a-þ-a pu sefuki
SG1 eat-V breakfast.INDEF , mum-DEF then-ANIM.S-SENSORY to outdoors
'When I had eaten breakfast, mum went outdoors.'
Conjunctions can either express relations between the main clause (superordinating conjunction ?) and a subordinate clause or between two main clauses (coordinating conjunctions). They can well refer to the addressee's comment, as well.
(3)
þaso sohilu. 'aþaso pu sefuki.
þ-a-so sohil-u. 'a-þa-so pu sefuki.
ANIM.S-SENSORY-SG1 eat-V. then-ANIM.S-SENSORY-SG1 to outdoors
'I ate. Then I went outdoors.'
The final system of Conjunctions is still developing.
(1)
Sohilu, 'aþaso pu sefuki.
sohil-u, 'a-þ-a-so pu sefuki
eat-V, then-ANIM.S-SENSORY-SG1 to outdoors
'When I had eaten, I went outdoors.'
Literally: 'eat, then I went outdoors.'
Word order in subordinate clauses (in adverbial clauses at least) is always SVO, but arguments can be dropped. Arguments aren't however expressed as genitive attributes or anything like that.
(2)
Uso sohilu pupoli, mama 'aþa pu sefuki.
uso suhil-u pupol-i, mam-a 'a-þ-a pu sefuki
SG1 eat-V breakfast.INDEF , mum-DEF then-ANIM.S-SENSORY to outdoors
'When I had eaten breakfast, mum went outdoors.'
Conjunctions can either express relations between the main clause (superordinating conjunction ?) and a subordinate clause or between two main clauses (coordinating conjunctions). They can well refer to the addressee's comment, as well.
(3)
þaso sohilu. 'aþaso pu sefuki.
þ-a-so sohil-u. 'a-þa-so pu sefuki.
ANIM.S-SENSORY-SG1 eat-V. then-ANIM.S-SENSORY-SG1 to outdoors
'I ate. Then I went outdoors.'
The final system of Conjunctions is still developing.
Last edited by Omzinesý on 17 May 2020 09:49, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: Tulemo
Mun? Do you mean Mum?
♂♥♂♀
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 87,413 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 87,413 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Re: Tulemo
Yes. Corrected.
I'm very surprised if that is the only typo.
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Re: Tulemo - Prepositions
Prepositions
I want that
- Prepositions and verbs are similar but there are some differences
- Tulemo is a satellite-framed language, i.e. prepositions express direction, not verbs.
Prepositions vs. Verbs
Both verbs and prepositions have -u form and -e form. -u form is used independently, (1) (3), while -e form is a head of a phrase that modifies a noun or an NP, (2) (4).
(1)
þaso sohilu.
þ-a-so sohil-u
ANIM.S-SENSORY-SG1 eat-V
'I ate.'
(2)
pupola sohileso
pupol-a sohil-e-so
breakfast-DEF eat-E-SG1.S
'the breakfast that I ate'
(3)
Uti θa 'okúlu pu sula.
ut-i θ-a 'okúl-u p-u sul-a
person-INDEF INTR.ANIM_S-SENSORY walk-V to-U forest-DEF
'A person walked to the forest.'
(4)
'okúla pe sula
'okul-a p-e sul-a
step-DEF to-E forest-DEF
'the step to the forest'
The distinction between verbs and prepositions is more blurred because there is no general verb 'to move' but zero is used, i.e. the prepositions of goal is the only verby word in the clause.
(5)
Uti θa pu sula.
ut-i θ-a p-u sul-a
person-INDEF INTR.ANIM_S-SENSORY to-U forest-DEF
'A person went to the forest.'
Prepositions do, however, have special Reflexive form with -a. It appears in Location Clause Construction, (6).
(6) (appeared in an earlier message)
Sula pa sulí (ixa)
sul-a p-a suli (ix-a)
forest-DEF INANIM.IO-SENSORY tree-INDEF (in-REFL)
'There is a tree in the forest.'
Lit. 'The forest has a tree (in it).'
System of Prepositions
Location
Now that I found up that accents can differentiate AT and TO, I could overdo the system and also use accents to differentiate TO and TOWARDS.
with (comitative)
with (instrumental)
without
for (benefactive)
to (recipient)
? (theme)
because of
for (final)
concerning
according to
around
about (in a concrete sense)
What else?
I want that
- Prepositions and verbs are similar but there are some differences
- Tulemo is a satellite-framed language, i.e. prepositions express direction, not verbs.
Prepositions vs. Verbs
Both verbs and prepositions have -u form and -e form. -u form is used independently, (1) (3), while -e form is a head of a phrase that modifies a noun or an NP, (2) (4).
(1)
þaso sohilu.
þ-a-so sohil-u
ANIM.S-SENSORY-SG1 eat-V
'I ate.'
(2)
pupola sohileso
pupol-a sohil-e-so
breakfast-DEF eat-E-SG1.S
'the breakfast that I ate'
(3)
Uti θa 'okúlu pu sula.
ut-i θ-a 'okúl-u p-u sul-a
person-INDEF INTR.ANIM_S-SENSORY walk-V to-U forest-DEF
'A person walked to the forest.'
(4)
'okúla pe sula
'okul-a p-e sul-a
step-DEF to-E forest-DEF
'the step to the forest'
The distinction between verbs and prepositions is more blurred because there is no general verb 'to move' but zero is used, i.e. the prepositions of goal is the only verby word in the clause.
(5)
Uti θa pu sula.
ut-i θ-a p-u sul-a
person-INDEF INTR.ANIM_S-SENSORY to-U forest-DEF
'A person went to the forest.'
Prepositions do, however, have special Reflexive form with -a. It appears in Location Clause Construction, (6).
(6) (appeared in an earlier message)
Sula pa sulí (ixa)
sul-a p-a suli (ix-a)
forest-DEF INANIM.IO-SENSORY tree-INDEF (in-REFL)
'There is a tree in the forest.'
Lit. 'The forest has a tree (in it).'
System of Prepositions
Location
Code: Select all
FROM AT THROUGH TO
IN ixelu ixu ixasu ixú
ON lomelu lomu lomasu lomú
NEARBY titelu titu titasu titú
UNDER/BELOW xelimelu xelimu xelimasu xelimú
OVER/ABOVE tokoelu tokou tokoasu tokoú
with (comitative)
with (instrumental)
without
for (benefactive)
to (recipient)
? (theme)
because of
for (final)
concerning
according to
around
about (in a concrete sense)
What else?
Last edited by Omzinesý on 24 May 2020 18:40, edited 2 times in total.
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Re: Tulemo
What could I handle next?
I think the basics are there.
I should of course redo Auxiliary. It has too much info in too little phonological material but it is still progressing slowly.
I think the basics are there.
I should of course redo Auxiliary. It has too much info in too little phonological material but it is still progressing slowly.
Last edited by Omzinesý on 20 May 2020 15:22, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: Tulemo
What other prepositions?
From the LCV:
===Prepositions or Postpositions and Cases===
From the LCV:
===Prepositions or Postpositions and Cases===
Spoiler:
Last edited by Khemehekis on 24 May 2020 04:54, edited 1 time in total.
♂♥♂♀
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 87,413 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 87,413 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Re: Tulemo
Thanks.Khemehekis wrote: ↑18 May 2020 16:49 What other prepositions?
From the LCV:
===Prepositions or Postpositions and Cases===Spoiler:
I'll think how to translate them.
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Tulemo
The "core" of Auxiliary are:
- agreement (number and animacy of S, O, IO)
- Argument structure (monovalent, bivalent with DO, bivalent with IO*)
- epistemic (some evidentiality some modality),
- clause type (affirmative, question, request)
- polarity (I think polarity will be integrated in other paradigms. Evidentiality is not so important in negative cluases. In questions, you rather assume a negative answer than ask anything negative.)
- I'm not sure if some focus marking appear.
* Because they are syntactic constructions, they shouldn't apparently be called transitive, like we once discussed.
Because Auxiliaries only appear in main classes, no subjunctive or such is needed.
Conjugation precedes the "core" and pronouns are just enclitics.
What I want:
- A South-American style evidential system. You lie if you use a wrong evidential. + some marking of certainty. (I don't know if I want to have egophoricity. I never succeed to integrate it nicely in my morphology.)
- The most frequent forms (direct evidential affirmative) are just one syllable long.
- Accent plays some role. Or maybe Auxiliaries are unaccented and unstressed.
- Epistemic forms should not be diffentiated by one vowel like in my first attempt.
Code: Select all
Affirmative Question Negation
EVIDENTIAL
Direct a u i
Inferential osi a'u otu
Reportative ona itne ofa
OTHER EPISTEMIC
Fact iso ato itlu
Uncertain ikla ui ame
OTHER
Request* upo imu afe
Agreement and Argument structure
Monovalent Bivalent with DO Bivalent with IO
Inanimate t k p
Inimate þ x f
Plural is expressed by reduplicating the first syllable of the "core".
In wh-questions, negation has a logical meaning. They do, however, always have Question form of the "core" and there are two different pronominal enclitics 'who/what does' and 'Who/what doesn't'.
There is also Performative conjunction 'hereby'.
It could also work as a sentence focus marker, which initiates a discourse.
Last edited by Omzinesý on 20 May 2020 17:33, edited 4 times in total.
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Re: Tulemo
Pronominal enclitics
In main clauses, pronominal enclitics are usually attached to Auxiliary. In subordinate clauses, they are usually attached to the lexical verb.
If the pronouns is emphasized, word etle is used in situ, and the pronominal enclitics after Auxiliary mark the person.
The clitics usually appear in the following order: Q, Impersonal, sg2, pl2, pl1 incl., pl1excl., sg1.
Personal clitics have a tone, i.e. the second peak in accent 1 or accent 2, if they appear after Auxiliary. The tone is rising (accent 2) if the last personal clitic is the subject, and the tone is lowering (accent 3) if the last personal clitic is the object. I think this can be seen as an inverse marking, but because it only applies to pronominal clitics, the term maybe just messes up the phenomenon. The "core" of Auxiliary also agrees the object, which is not to do with the tone of pronominal clitics.
If there are is no pronominal clitic, Auxiliary is unaccented and unstressed. In subordinate clauses, where personal clitics are attached to the lexical verb, they do not have a tone and their role can be ambiguous.
If no subject/object is explicitly marked, a third person subject/object is automatically presupposed.
(1)
θanusó oxinu.
θ-e-nu-so-´ oxin-u
ANIM.DO-DIR-sg2-sg1-S love-V
'I love you.'
(2)
θanusò oxinu.
θ-a-nu-so-` oxin-u
ANIM.DO-DIR-sg2-sg1-O love-V
'You love me.'
(3)
Talisó oxinu.
T-e-li-so-´ oxin-u
INANIM.DO-DIR-IMPERS-sg1-S love-V
'I love something.'
(4)
θalinù oxinu.
θ-a-li-nu-` oxin-u
ANIM.DO-DIR-IPERS-sg2-O love-V
'Somebody loves you. ~ You are loved.'
In main clauses, pronominal enclitics are usually attached to Auxiliary. In subordinate clauses, they are usually attached to the lexical verb.
If the pronouns is emphasized, word etle is used in situ, and the pronominal enclitics after Auxiliary mark the person.
Code: Select all
sg1 so 'I, me'
pl1 excl. siso 'we'
pl1 incl. niso 'we'
sg2 nu 'you'
pl2 nino 'you'
Q/Impersonal li 'one, somebody, something'
Q NEG/Impersonal pmo 'who doesn't'
The clitics usually appear in the following order: Q, Impersonal, sg2, pl2, pl1 incl., pl1excl., sg1.
Personal clitics have a tone, i.e. the second peak in accent 1 or accent 2, if they appear after Auxiliary. The tone is rising (accent 2) if the last personal clitic is the subject, and the tone is lowering (accent 3) if the last personal clitic is the object. I think this can be seen as an inverse marking, but because it only applies to pronominal clitics, the term maybe just messes up the phenomenon. The "core" of Auxiliary also agrees the object, which is not to do with the tone of pronominal clitics.
If there are is no pronominal clitic, Auxiliary is unaccented and unstressed. In subordinate clauses, where personal clitics are attached to the lexical verb, they do not have a tone and their role can be ambiguous.
If no subject/object is explicitly marked, a third person subject/object is automatically presupposed.
(1)
θanusó oxinu.
θ-e-nu-so-´ oxin-u
ANIM.DO-DIR-sg2-sg1-S love-V
'I love you.'
(2)
θanusò oxinu.
θ-a-nu-so-` oxin-u
ANIM.DO-DIR-sg2-sg1-O love-V
'You love me.'
(3)
Talisó oxinu.
T-e-li-so-´ oxin-u
INANIM.DO-DIR-IMPERS-sg1-S love-V
'I love something.'
(4)
θalinù oxinu.
θ-a-li-nu-` oxin-u
ANIM.DO-DIR-IPERS-sg2-O love-V
'Somebody loves you. ~ You are loved.'
Last edited by Omzinesý on 29 May 2020 23:28, edited 3 times in total.
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Re: Tulemo
I think the easiest description (pedagogally at least) is that só means 'I' and sò means 'me' and tone is dropped on non-last pronominal enclitics.
It's an interesting point in one's career as a conlanger when you start thinking how to analyse your conlang not just how it is.
It's an interesting point in one's career as a conlanger when you start thinking how to analyse your conlang not just how it is.
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Re: Tulemo
You're welcome.
Glad to've helped.
BTW, since I posted that list, I've added two new entries to the LCV, both in the adpositions/cases category:
about (Lily saw a doctor ~ her knee)
for (drill ~ oil)
♂♥♂♀
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 87,413 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 87,413 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Re: Tulemo
Motion verbs and motion prepositions could have the lowering tone in venitive (come) and the rising tone in irative (go). So they obligatorily expresses deixis.
It is historically related to the tones of pronominal enclitics.
If I is the patient, a transitive action kind of comes to I, while if I is the agent, a transitive action kind of goes away from I.
It is historically related to the tones of pronominal enclitics.
If I is the patient, a transitive action kind of comes to I, while if I is the agent, a transitive action kind of goes away from I.
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Re: Tulemo
I got interested in dvandva compounds, which Pabappa mentioned in L&N Q&A thread.
Tulemo will also have them. If mother and father are boringly mam-a and pap-a, parents is mapmápa or papmàma. Auxiliary agrees it as an animate plural. I cannot find up how it morphologically differ from a normal compound.
Tulemo will also have them. If mother and father are boringly mam-a and pap-a, parents is mapmápa or papmàma. Auxiliary agrees it as an animate plural. I cannot find up how it morphologically differ from a normal compound.
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Re: Tulemo
Not mampápa?Omzinesý wrote: ↑24 May 2020 20:18 I got interested in dvandva compounds, which Pabappa mentioned in L&N Q&A thread.
Tulemo will also have them. If mother and father are boringly mam-a and pap-a, parents is mapmápa or papmàma. Auxiliary agrees it as an animate plural. I cannot find up how it morphologically differ from a normal compound.
♂♥♂♀
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 87,413 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 87,413 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Re: Tulemo
Tulemo does not allow coda.Khemehekis wrote: ↑24 May 2020 20:37Not mampápa?Omzinesý wrote: ↑24 May 2020 20:18 I got interested in dvandva compounds, which Pabappa mentioned in L&N Q&A thread.
Tulemo will also have them. If mother and father are boringly mam-a and pap-a, parents is mapmápa or papmàma. Auxiliary agrees it as an animate plural. I cannot find up how it morphologically differ from a normal compound.
mam + pap
1) If the first root ends in a resonant, the second root has a rising tone.
mampáp
2) If the first root ends in a resonant and the second root is a stop, metathesis happens and they form a prestopped resonant.
ma.pmáp-a
It's explained in a message above.
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Re: Tulemo
I see.
I suppose if a human speaker were to try to begin a syllable with [mp], s/he would end up with prenasalization.
I suppose if a human speaker were to try to begin a syllable with [mp], s/he would end up with prenasalization.
♂♥♂♀
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 87,413 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 87,413 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Re: Tulemo
That is surely how most languages would develop. But I don't think it is the only or inevitable direction.Khemehekis wrote: ↑24 May 2020 20:49 I see.
I suppose if a human speaker were to try to begin a syllable with [mp], s/he would end up with prenasalization.
Prestopping is a thing in Tulemo (and I happen to like it). Maybe it is an areal feature. Maybe there is a strong tendency for increasing sonority in onset.
Prenasalized consonants are not part of Tulemo phonology.
Edit: Now that you sai it.
The matathesis rule is complicated and complicated rules aren't productive for a long time. So, I might change the system so that new compounds just lose the nasal, what always with obstruents. Mapmápa is an uhralt word anyways.
The matathesis rule is complicated and complicated rules aren't productive for a long time. So, I might change the system so that new compounds just lose the nasal, what always with obstruents. Mapmápa is an uhralt word anyways.
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Re: Tulemo
I just checked out the Wikipedia article on prestopped consonants. Fascinating stuff. I ought to put them in one of my future conlang inventions for the Lehola Galaxy.
♂♥♂♀
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 87,413 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 87,413 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Re: Tulemo
They are fun. And pronouncing them isn't as hard as it first seems.Khemehekis wrote: ↑24 May 2020 21:17 I just checked out the Wikipedia article on prestopped consonants. Fascinating stuff. I ought to put them in one of my future conlang inventions for the Lehola Galaxy.
- Maybe, prestopped consonants first appeared in words like papmàma.
- Then metathesis of /l/ happened. (That happened in Proto-Slavonic, for example. Slavonic though allowes any cluster of a stop + a liquid.)
Pal + pap => pa.tlápa
- Then metathesis also happened to nasals analogically with /l/, when prestopped nasals already belonged to the phoneme inventory.
Honestly, I just came up with the metathesis thing, in order to find a way for presopped resonants to be followed by the rising tone.
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Re: Tulemo
Oh, OK. But it's a good metathesis thing.
♂♥♂♀
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 87,413 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels
My Kankonian-English dictionary: 87,413 words and counting
31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!