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Sindunian

Posted: 22 Jul 2020 05:43
by Shemtov
Sindunian (Native name: sˤindunan mlit͡ʃ') was a language spoken in the Yonotaorian empire, in the Taman peninsula. In the period after the reforms of Phospuros, the empire conquered them, but their were periods of rebellion and independence for the next 257 years, until they were finally permantly annexed by King Kheirtheos II the Saint. The language is related to the Northeast Caucasian languages, with some possible Northwest admixture.

Phonology:
/p pʰ p' b t tʰ t' tˤ d dˤ k kʰ k' g kʷ kʷʰ kʷ' q qʰ q' qʷ qʷʰ qʷ' ʔ/
/t͡s t͡sʰ t͡s' t͡sˤ d͜z d͜zˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ' t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒ d͡ʒˤ/
/f fˤ s sˤ z zˤ ʃ ʃˤ ʒ ʒˤ ç çˤ ʝ ʝˤ x xʷ X Xʷ ħ ʕ h/
/m n/
/l lˤ r rˤ/
/j w/

/i u a/
/i: u: a:/
/au ai əu əi/

Phonotactics:
(C)(C)(C)CV(C)


Permitted initial clusters:
Fricative + Stop/Affricate/Nasal
m/n+labial/alveolar stop
labial/alveolar stop+m/n
Fricative+m/n+labial/alveolar stop
Fricative+ labial/alveolar stop+m/n
Any other consonant or above cluster + r/l/w/j


Nouns have no gender and come in singular and plural. Regular nouns decline as follows:
Noun "zduçˤrin" "star"
Singular:
Absolutive: zduçˤrin
Ergative: zduçˤrinak'
Dative: zduçˤriniħ
Genitive: zduçˤrinan
Instrumental-Locative: zduçˤrina:s
Lative: zduçˤrinu:lˤ
Ablative: zduçˤrinaqʷʰi


Plural:
Absolutive: zduçˤrinəur
Ergative: zduçˤrinəurak'
Dative: zduçˤrinəuriħ
Genitive: zduçˤrinəuran
Instrumental-Locative: zduçˤrinəura:s
Lative: zduçˤrinəuru:lˤ
Ablative: zduçˤrinəuraqʷʰi

Re: Sindunian

Posted: 22 Jul 2020 06:04
by DV82LECM
Mouth twister. Some of the things you make, my man. Jesus.

Re: Sindunian

Posted: 22 Jul 2020 06:41
by Shemtov
DV82LECM wrote: 22 Jul 2020 06:04 Mouth twister. Some of the things you make, my man. Jesus.
Given that I'm saying that it's related to the NE Caucasian languages, with influence from NW Caucasian, the inventory is practically normal. The Caucasian sprachbund is known for having complex phonotactics. At least it's not related to Kartvelian, of which Georgian is a part, and the word /gvpt͡skvni/ is attested in that language. So yeah, ANADEW.

Re: Sindunian

Posted: 22 Jul 2020 14:16
by DV82LECM
I did not see that. It explains it.

Re: Sindunian

Posted: 28 Jul 2020 03:01
by Shemtov
Verbs:
Note that while I said nouns have no gender, I meant that they have no gender markers in the declension. However, for agreement, there is a natural gender split between animate and animate. Note that "zduçˤrin" "star" is animate, as the pre-Yonotaorian religion featured astrolatry heavily. Also, though the nominal declensions are ERG-ABS, verbal agreement is NOM-ACC (This is attested in Warlpiri and Burushaski)
Verbs have three slots: Agreement, Root and Synthetic TAM
The marker for animate nouns has different allomorphs, depending on the class of the verb.
Class I M- Vowel initial roots
Class II N- Vowel initial roots
Class III M- Labial stop initial roots
Class IV N- Alveolar stop initial roots
Class V Na- Other roots
Class VI: Ma- Other roots
Class VII: N(first vowel of root)- Other roots.

Plural inanimates may have the verb take the optional plural marker d͜zˤəi-

The TAM marker has three TAs and two evidential moods.
Non-Past sensory: ʔu:
Non-past reported: ʔau
Past sensory: ħra
Past reported: ʕur
Past perfect sensory: ʔla
Past perfect reported: ʔləi

zduçˤrinəurak' t͡ʃ'a namla:ʔau
zduçˤrin-əur-ak' t͡ʃ'a-∅ na-mla:-ʔau
star-PLR-ERG blood-ABS ANIM-drink-NNPST.RPRT
"[It is said] the stars drink blood"

ʒdˤəuʝəurak' zduçˤrinəur məiXʔəirʔla

ʒdˤəuʝ-əur-ak' zduçˤrin-əur-∅ məi-Xʔəir-ʔla
person-PLR-ERG star-PLR-ABS ANIM-worship-PAST.PERF.WIT
"People have worshipped stars [and I've seen it]"

Re: Sindunian

Posted: 12 Aug 2020 06:35
by Shemtov
The Future is expressed by using the auxillary verb dnrəi after the stem of the lexical verb.

fp'iXʷak' qri qʷa:t͡sʰ nadnrəiʔau
fp'iXʷ-ak' qri-∅ qʷa:t͡sʰ na-dnrəi-ʔau
boy-ERG stone-ABS throw ANIM-FUT-REP
"It is said that the boy will throw a stone"


If the aux takes the past suffix, it has a purposive meaning

fp'iXʷak' qri qʷa:t͡sʰ nadnrəiʕur, ʒdˤəuʝəurak' zduçˤrinəur Xʔəir nadnrəiʔu
fp'iXʷ-ak' qri-∅ qʷa:t͡sʰ na-dnrəi-ʕur ʒdˤəuʝ-əur-ak' zduçˤrin-əur-∅ Xʔəir na-dnrəi-ʔu
boy-ERG stone-ABS throw ANIM-FUT-PST.REP person-PLR-ERG star-PLR-ABS worship ANIM-FUT-NPST.WIT
"The boy will throw the stone so that people will worship the stars"

With the past perfective it has a conditional meaning.


fp'iXʷak' qri qʷa:t͡sʰ nadnrəiʔləi, ʒdˤəuʝəurak' zduçˤrinəur Xʔəir nadnrəiʔu
fp'iXʷ-ak' qri-∅ qʷa:t͡sʰ na-dnrəi-ʔləi ʒdˤəuʝ-əur-ak' zduçˤrin-əur-∅ Xʔəir na-dnrəi-ʔu
boy-ERG stone-ABS throw ANIM-FUT-PST.PERFREP person-PLR-ERG star-PLR-ABS worship ANIM-FUT-NPST.WIT
"If the boy will throw the stone, people will worship the stars"

Re: Sindunian

Posted: 25 Aug 2020 06:31
by Shemtov
Converbs:
Sindunian makes uses of a great number of converbs. This post will discuss the basic meaning of some of the basuc ones; later I will post more and some of the uses with auxillary verbs.

I. Imperfective Converb. Suffix -atʰaus
fp'iXʷak' qri qʷa:t͡sʰ ʔlatatʰaus nadnrəiʔau
fp'iXʷ-ak' qri-∅ qʷa:t͡sʰ ʔlat-atʰaus na-dnrəi-ʔau
boy-ERG stone-ABS stand-CONV throw ANIM-FUT-REP
"It is said that the boy will stand and throw a stone"


II. Perfective Converb -at͡sʰu:qʷʰəi
p'iXʷak' qri qʷa:t͡sʰ lautat͡sʰu:qʷʰəi nadnrəiʔau
fp'iXʷ-ak' qri-∅ qʷa:t͡sʰlaut-at͡sʰu:qʷʰəi na-dnrəi-ʔau
boy-ERG stone-ABS grab-PERF.CONV throw ANIM-FUT-REP
"It is said that the boy will throw a stone after grabbing [it]"

III. Purposive Converb -t͡sʰəuħ
p'iXʷak' qri qʷa:t͡sʰ dnrəit͡sʰəuħ malautʔau
fp'iXʷ-ak' qri-∅ dnrəi-t͡sʰəuħ ma-laut-ʔau
boy-ERG stone-ABS throw-PURP.CONV grab-ANIM-FUT-REP
"It is said that the boy will grab a stone to throw [it]"

IV Causal Converb -tʰu:k'ja
fp'iXʷak' qri qʷa:t͡sʰ dnrəit͡sʰtʰu:k'ja malautʔau
fp'iXʷ-ak' qri-∅ dnrəi-tʰu:k'ja ma-laut-ʔau
boy-ERG stone-ABS throw-CAUS.CONV grab-ANIM-FUT-REP
"It is said that the boy will throw a stone because he grabbed [it]"

This is different from the Future-Aux-Causal, in that this mainly used for when both subjects (and objects) are the same,while the latter is used if they are different (though there is pragmatic overlap- this will be discussed in a later post)

Re: Sindunian

Posted: 19 Oct 2020 08:33
by Shemtov
Before I move on to complex converbs, I'm presenting the number system.
There are two sets of numbers: The disjunctive/inanimate conjunctive and the animate numbers. This post will only consider numbers 1-10.

disjunctive/inanimate:
1. t͡s'a
2. qʷʰəi
3. ʒbi:m
4. haip'əi
5.Xʷəi
6. q'rəin
7. warˤ
8. baunʕa
9. jait͡ʃu
10. jait'


Animate:
1. t͡s'aik
2. qʷʰi:t͡ʃ
3. ʒbi:fai
4. haip'əidˤ
5.Xʷəidˤəu
6. q'rəindˤəu
7. warˤdˤəu
8. baundˤəu
9. jait͡ʃd͡ʒˤəu
10. jaidˤəu

qrijəur baunʕa
"eight stones"

ʒdˤəuʝəur baundˤəu
"eight people"

Note that animates are not pluralized for 2-3:
qrijəur qʷʰəi
"two stones"

ʒdˤəuʝ qʷʰi:t͡ʃ
"two people"