Shemtov wrote: ↑15 Jun 2021 20:56
Үрйәнэрәс/Üryäneräs is a Satem IE language, belonging to its own branch, Üryäneric, that has been heavily influenced by Turkic. It is spoken in the Russian Republic of Üryäneristan, which is the IRL Orenburg Oblast, north and west of the Ural River, by around 800,000 speakers.
This post will focus on changes from PIE to Modern Üryäneres, and the phonology of the modern language.
The sound changes you give below have several issues. First of all, your language fits poorly into the general picture of the IE languages, because neighbouring branches tend to show similar features as they all evolved from a dialect continuum (Anatolian and Tocharian are exceptions, probably because Anatolian split off early, and Tocharian lost contact to the IE dialect continuum later, but still fairly early).
To Pre-Proto-Üryäneric:
Labialvelars fuse with plain velars
Postvelars become postalveolar
Plain Voiced stops merge with Unvoiced
Breathy Voiced stops become voiced
Phonetically possible, but unusual, and not to be expected from an IE language which one would expect by its location to follow similar developments as Iranian and Slavic.
RUKI rule- given the later evolution of the descendents of this rule, it is believed that the RUKI-affected */s/ became */ç/
What happens to */ç/ in your language? You list no sound change affecting it, and it doesn't occur in the final inventory. Also, /ç/ is IMHO an unlikely result of RUKI. RUKI is
not a palatalization, rather a general backing change, perhaps originally yielding a retroflex /ʂ/ as preserved in Indo-Aryan, which secondarily became /ʃ/ in Iranian and Baltic, and /x/ in Slavic. Of course, nobody would expect things like /k/, /r/ or /u/ to palatalize anything!
H1e eH1>ē
H1o oH1>ē
H2e eH2>a
H2o oH2>a
H3e eH3>ō
H3o oH3>ō
This is bizarre. In
all non-Anatolian IE languages, laryngeals lengthen the vowel if and only if they
follow the vowel. You have *h1 and *h3 lengthen even following vowels, and *h2 not lengthen vowels at all. Why? Also, it is misleading to think of *h1 as "e-colouring" - it is better thought of as
non-colouring. And *o is not coloured by
any laryngeal. Think about it: *h1 does nothing to vowel qualities, *h2 backs the vowel, and *h3 backs and rounds it. Now *o is already back and round, so the laryngeals do nothing to it.
m̩>n̩
l̩>r̩
To Proto-Üryäneric:
n̩>an
r̩>ri
ŏy>/ø/
ōy>y
ĕ̄w>ɯ
s>θ
t͡ʃ ʃ>t͡s s
d͡ʒ> d͜z
ki ke ky kø>t͡ʃi t͡ʃe t͡ʃy t͡ʃø
gi ge gy d͡ʒø> d͡ʒi d͡ʒe d͡ʒy d͡ʒø
RUKI "breaking"- if triggered by u or k>q (kq>q) by r or i>ʃ
What do the last line's changes apply to? Perhaps the */ç/ I commented above about that I don't see where it goes? And ç > q is quite a stretch, isn't it?
To Old Üryäneräs:
/y ø/ in a word fronts all back vowels
/ɯ / in a word without /y ø/ backs all front vowels, e>ɤ>o
/q/ before a front vowel in a word without /y ø/ backs all front vowels in word, e>ɤ>o
Postalveolars and /j/ before a back vowel in a word without /ɯ q/ fronts all back vowels in word
If these changes attempt to emulate Turkic vowel harmony, try again. Especially front
rounded vowels, but not front unrounded ones, fronting all back vowels in a word seems weird to me.
w>ʋ
b>β
d>ð
g>ɣ
d͜͜͜͜͜͜͜͜͜z>z
d͡ʒ>ʒ
To Modern Üryäneräs:
ĕ>æ
ŏ>ɑ
ð in front vowel words>j
β>ʋ
Rounding harmony for high vowels devolops.
Voiced stops reenter via new loans.
/f/ enters via new loans
Syllable-final ʋ> w, ʒ>j
Phonology (for "native" that is, non-Russian, words):
/p b t d t͡s t͡ʃ k g q/ <п б т д ц ч к г ҡ>
/m n/ <м н>
/f θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ɣ/ <ф ҫ ҙ с з ш ж ғ>
/r/ <р>
/l/ <л>
/ʋ j/ <в й>
/i y u ɯ/ <и ү у ы>
/e ø o/ <э ө о>
/æ ɑ/ <ә а>
The final inventory is fine, but as I laid out above, some of your sound changes are questionable.