Dleesoop

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Re: Dleesoop

Post by Omzinesý »

A dictionary (that is incomplete all the time)


Nouns
at 'building'
. at-dsee 'home (building)'
. at-haat 'temple' (spirit building)
dlo' 'person'
. dlo'-puudde 'man' (male person)
. dlo'-tahaat 'woman' (female person)
dli' 'person (diminutive)'
. dli'-puudde 'a boy' (small male person)
. dli'-tahaat 'a girl' (small female person)
duud 'professional'
. duud-lee'ads 'hunter'
. duud-neetatz 'fisherman' (fish-hunting professional)
. duud-tleptzuu 'secretary' (writing professional)
hat 'spirit'
hetl 'one's child, one's grandchild'
. het-waa 'child (you have given birth to)'
hit 'vehicle'
. hit-iino 'a boat, a ship' (floating/swimming vehicle)
hlle 'powder, sand'
. hlle-neewii 'salt' (salty powder)
iitz 'aunt, uncle, grandparent (not of the same household)'
kaat (food, dish)
kap 'species'
. kap-nawe 'cat species'
kip 'sibling, cousin, a spouse (not of the same household)
. kip-wapa 'one's husband, one's wife' (married family member)
ko' 'people' (plural of dlo')
le' (animal, mammal)
. le'-nawe 'cat'
. le'-tezuuk 'a horse' (riding animal)
mik 'concrete result of V-ing'
. mik-potzee 'shit'
. mik-tlep 'a letter, a mark'
. mik-tleptzuu 'a book (the concrete object)'
mat 'a big object'
. mat-huumo 'a rock' (stone big_object)
mit 'a small object'
. mit-huumo 'a stone' (stone small_object)
mo' 'ground'
naa' 'star'
. naa'-ittii 'sun' (sun star)
. naa'-huudii 'moon' (grey star)
net (fish)
nit 'combination'
nuut 'a sibling, a cousin (same household)'
. nuut-eds 'older sibling' (old sibling)
. nuut-puudde 'brother' (male sibling)
. nuut-tahaat 'sister' (female sibling)
od 'place, area'
. od-dsee 'a village, a town' (lived area)
pee 'a parent, a grand parent'
. pee-eds 'grandparent' (old parent)
. pee-puudde 'father' (male parent)
. pee-waa 'mother' (birth-giving parent)
poo (unit of abstract action)
. poo-paho 'a story' (unit of telling)
puu 'act'
. puu-zawa 'sex' (sex act)
sed 'tool, gadget'
. sed-ittii 'a lamp' (sun tool)
sots 'one's child, niece (not of the same household)'
suuk (liquid, water)
. suuk-potzee 'pee' (defecated liquid)
. suuk-puudde 'semen' (male liquid)
. suuk-tzoop 'alcohol' (acid liquid)
tniia 'world' (tnnii 'all')
woot 'organ'
. woot-dsee 'home' (living somewhere organ (semantically opaque))
. woot-tahaat 'vagina' (female organ)
wo' 'time period'
. wo'-hep 'night' (dark period)
. wo'-ittii 'day time' (shining period)
zeet 'a name, a word, an expression)
. zeet-onaa 'a name' (calling name)

Verbs
atkii 'to be bad, to be improper'
atsak 'be bad, be mean, be evil'
dahame 'stick in'
dloo 'to see'
. dlooluu '(to be) beautiful/good looking' (see nicely)'
. dloomo '(to be) curious' (desire seeing)
dsee 'to live (somewhere)'
duudso' 'to believe correctly'
eed 'to say'
eetoo '(be) human'
eds 'be old (od a person)'
haap 'to live, to be alive'
. haapook 'to die' (to stop living)
. haapoot 'to kill' (to make stop living)
haat 'be spirit, be immaterial'
ha’iia 'penetrate'
haki '(be) what?'
hápuusi 'live nearby'
hep 'be dark/black'
hiinee '(be) religion'
hip 'to do it' (a demonstrative verb)
hoko 'care'
ho'ikaa 'please'
hono 'be on the surface'
hotzuu 'reproduce'
huudii 'be grey, be ash'
huumo 'be stone'
huupuu '(be) vagina'
iino 'to swim, to float'
iisee 'create'
ittii 'to shine'
ipoo '(be) a lamp'
itzino 'flow, (be) a stream'
kaa 'exist'
. kaaiit 'to create' (make exist)
. kaatzuu 'to be moody' (to exist sometimes)
kiti 'be small'
kesa 'to want'
kewii '(be) a fisherman'
kohíwa '(be) rich'
koohid' back'
koohidi 'forget, bring behind'
koonii '(be) long'
koowo '(be) hungry'
kottaa? 'why?, what causes?'
kuupadda 'dance'
kuuwode 'force'
lee'ads 'to hunt' (le' 'animal')
mekii 'long, deep' (vertically)
modiid '(be) beautiful'
nawe '(be) a cat'
naasi’e '(be) strawberry'
neet '(to be) a fish' (net 'fish'
. neetats 'to fish' (hunt fish)
neewii '(be) salty'
napuut 'love'
niit 'to combine' (nit 'combination')
nodod 'be violent'
noomii '(be) white'
nuuttiik '(be_)camp'
nuuttik 'be at a camp'
onaa 'to call (by name), to name'
ooko 'be sick, be ill'
paho 'to tell [a story]'
peehuu 'sleep'
. peehuumo 'to be sleepy'
pepet 'continue'
pettee 'know'
poo 'exist' (used as an indefinite article)
powok 'take'
potzee 'to defecate'
puudde '(be) male'
puuko 'destroy'
suunip '(be) Moon'
suukatl 'to drink' (liquid-eat)
tahaat '(be) female'
tárima 'wake up'
tee 'belong to'
tezuuk 'to ride'
tlep 'to mark'
. tleptzuu 'to write' (to mark several letters)
tzoop 'be acid, be sour (concrete)'
uuno 'to be dead'
waa 'give birth'
wapa 'be married'
. wapiik 'to get married'
wuupn '(be) big)'
zawa 'to have sex'
. zawa_ke 'to father' (to have sex + resultative)
. zawamo '(to be) horny' (to desire sex)
zee 'to eat'
. zeemo 'to be hungry' (desire eating)

Prepositions
etek 'in'
hak 'with'
kotz 'without'


Others
ekii 'both'
koohoo 'maybe'
kuuzi 'usually'
tnnii 'all'


V -> V suffixes
-ads, -ats 'to hunt'
-iik 'to start' (inchoative)
-iit/-iid 'to make'
-luu 'well, nicely'
-mo 'would like, desire'
-ook 'to stop V-ing' (cessative)
-oot/-ood 'to make stop V-ing'
-tzuu/-dsuu 'to do several times'

N -> V prefixes
so-/zo- 'to eat, to drink, the consume'
o- 'to use'
we- 'to make, to produce'
dse-/tze- 'to become'
dsaa-/tzaa- 'to make an X a Y'
Last edited by Omzinesý on 01 Sep 2022 19:45, edited 54 times in total.
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Re: Dleesoop

Post by Omzinesý »

Returning to verb morphology

Dleesoop verb morphology is agglutinative and thus simple. All of the suffixes are "optional".

The slots 1 and 2 are the only real affixes. The slots 3, 4, and 5 are rather clitics.

The pattern:
0 root
1 aspect
2 mood {assumed/inferred, reported, non-factual, counterfactual, certain}
3 person
4 {volitional, nonvolitional, resultative, irresultative, negative volitional, negative nonvolitional, negative resultative, negative irresultative}
5 {imperative, interrogative}

1 aspect
Dleesoop has three aspect suffixes as well as the zero-marked Nonprogressive.

-(w)on 'Progressive'
"Peehuu" 'sleeps' -> "peehuuwon" 'is sleeping'

-me 'Perfect'
"Peehuu" 'sleeps' -> "peehuume" 'has already slept'

-too/-doo 'Prospective'
"Peehuu" 'sleeps' -> "peehuudoo" 'is going to sleep later'

All the marked aspects usually appear in backgrounded clauses. The story goes on in Nonprogressive. It also expresses permanent states. The aspect system thus resembles that of English.

(There might be voices mixed with aspect suffixes. It's useful to know if someone has killed or has been killed, but much of semantic roles can be coded with pronominal clitics.)

2 mood
Most of the moods are epistemic.

-he 'Uncertain/inferred'
It can be translated 'I think' or 'probably'.
"Peehuuwónhe." 'I think he is sleeping.'
Dleesoop speakers overuse the suffix. It is culturally problematic to be wrong, so they often save themselves being uncertain.

-kat/-kad 'reported'
This is a pure evidentiality marker. You are eather repeating what a known person has said or more generally what 'they say'.
"Péehuukad daami." 'They say he sleeps much.' ("daami" 'much')

-wip 'fact'
This suffix codes facts that are generally known in the culture. They can be physical facts, like 'Sun rises every morning', or religious knowledge.
"Huup-épeta péehuuwip." 'Epeta [the creator god] is asleep [after they pushed the world moving].'

-dee/-tee 'explicitly perceived'
Often appears with an oblique argument coding the one perceiving.

-e' IMPERATIVE

-o' OPTATIVE 'should'

(I also listed some irrealis moods. I'm not sure if they are there in the end.)

3 person
More than one person clitic can appear. The clitics are "optional" and are not used if there is a full NP. They are thus not agreement.
Topic drop does appear but is not as common as in Japanese or subject drop in Spanish. The topic is usually mentioned at least once in a paragraph. (I'm not sure of fine discourse pragmatics.)
Unlike full NPs, pronominal clitics do code semantic roles, i.e., have case.

Subject pronouns
-lii 'I, we'
-mii 'you'
-sid/-zit 'we INCL'
-ii 'he, she, they'
-ki' '(some)one'

Object pronouns
-luu 'me, us'
-muu 'you'
-sod/-zit 'us INCL'
-uu 'him, her, them'
-ko' '(some)one'

Oblique pronouns
'with respect to me/us'
'with respect to you'
'with respect to us INCL'
'with respect to him/her/them'
'with respect to someone'


4 Volitionality, result, negation
I copied this suffix/enclitic from my older projects.

Resultativity and volitionality form a paradigm. They cannot be marker together. The whole slot can be empty and the values unspecified.

-too/-doo
Volitional positive
Can be translated 'willingly, with pleasure'

kuudi 'hears'
kuudidoo 'listens'

-tzik/-dsik
Nonvolitional
Can be translated 'reluctantly, forced'


Resultativity codes that the action affects/ does not affect the world.

Resultative
-ke

Irresultative
-zoo'/-soo'

In backgrounded clauses, resultative is often translated 'because', the foregrounded clause being assumed the result, and Irresultative is often translated 'though'.

Negation of the clause appears in the same morph as a portmanteau morph. That is, if the clause is negated, you also have to code volitionality or resultativity.


-zeetz/-seeds
Volitional negative

Nonvolitional negative
-kowa

Resultative negative
-tloko/dloko

Irresultative negative
-hiits/-hiids
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Re: Dleesoop

Post by Omzinesý »

Kinship terms

There are six generic nouns for family members. There is a three-step distinction in age: older generation, same generation, and younger generation. There is a binary distinction of belonging to the same household or not.
I don't think it's possible to assume that a child wouldn't develop a term for its mother, but maybe it's rather associated with proper nouns.

pee
Same household, older: (grand)parent

nuut
Same household, same age: sibling, cousin

hetl
Same household younger: (grand)child

iitz
Not same household, older: (grand)parent, aunt, uncle

kip
Not same household, same age: sibling, cousin

sots
Not same household younger: (grand)child, niece


Those can be specified with verb roots:

waa' 'to give birth'
->
peewaa' 'mother'
hetwaa' 'child (of a mother)'

tahaat 'to be female'
->
nuuttahaat 'sister (you live with)'
kiptahaat 'sister (you don't live with)
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Re: Dleesoop

Post by Omzinesý »

Issues on Dleesoop syntax

Simple clauses

Dleesoop is a topic-prominent language. Clauses that Lambrecht calls arguments focus, that is, the normal clauses that are about some known entity, are constituted by a topic NP and a comment VP. There is usually a pause between the two.

(1) Dlo', kewiino.
PERSON, fish.PROG
'The person is fishing.'

If two VPs are linked to one topc NP, conjunction z=/s= 'and' is used, (2).

(2) Dlo', kewiino, z-powok naa'-ittii.
PERSON, fish.PROG AND-take STAR-sun
'The person is fishing and taking sun.'

No voice or case marking codes the semantic role of the topic.

(3) Hitepuu', kewiino dlo'.
VEHICLE-boat, fish.PROG PERSON
'In the boat, a person is fishing.'


Complex clauses - Relativization

There is no morphological marking distinguishing relative clauses and main clauses. The only difference is that same-level clauses are distinguished by the z=/s= while different-level clauses are not. (2) can well be modified to (4).

(4) Dlo', kewiino, powok naa'-ittii.
PERSON, fish.PROG take STAR-sun
'The person [that is fishing] is taking sun.'

The semantic role of the antecedent in the relative clause is also not coded.

(5) Hitepuu', kewiino dlo', koonii.
boat, fish.PROG PERSON, be_long
'The boat, where the person is fishing, is long.'

Relative clauses can also modify another NP in the matrix clause than the topic.

(6) Dlo', kewiino wa hitepuu', koonii.
PERSON fish.PROG in boat, be_long
'The person is fishing in a boat, that is long.'
Edit: It seems that (6) can also be read 'The person that is fishing in the boat is long.' I have to think if the ambiguity is OK or if I will fix it somehow, probably using pronouns in one.

Other subordinate clauses are formed with generic noun puu. It means something like 'act' or 'action'. It has however been grammaticalized to a clausal nominalizer.

(7) E petteelii puu kewiiso.
e pettee-lii puu kewii-so
PRON know-sg1_SUBJ act fish-IMPERS
'I know how to fish.'
lit. 'I know the act that one fishes.'
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Re: Dleesoop

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My second task will be thinking about clause types more deeply.
chris_notts wrote: 19 Oct 2018 23:12 I'm (kindof) back after a long time away! I was re-reading "Intransitive Predication" by Stassen, and I thought it might make a good conlang quiz, one which I may or may not have done before. Without going into too many details, Stassen looks at patterns in the encoding of the following and how they compare with the typical verbal strategy in different languages:

1. Nominal predication

Examples of nominal predicates expressing identity and class membership, encoded on English with a copula verb:

Identity: he's the man I saw yesterday
Class membership: he's a man

Commonly encoded by a copula verb, copula particle (i.e. with distinct morphology/syntax compared to verbs), or by apposition of nouns. Some languages use the verbal strategy and apply person/TAM affixes/clitics to predicate nouns.

2. Locative predication

Expressions of location. Typically encoded by one or a small class of verbs together with a locative argument. Verbs may simultaenously encode posture or orientation of the figure. Sometimes expressed by just a noun and location with no verb present.

A separate but related class is existential clauses, which may be identical to locationals, differ in word order or pragmatic marking (compare English "A man is there" to "There is a man"), or use completely different supporting verbs.

3. Predicate adjectives

Typically marked either by the same strategy as predicate nouns (e.g. supported by a copula verb), or by the same strategy as verbs (taking verbal agreement and TAM marking). Stassen claims that in languages with inflectional tense marking on verbs predicate adjectives will tend to use the nominal strategy, othereise they'll tend to use the verbal strategy.

In a separate book, Stassen also looks at strategies for predicate possession, including:

Locational strategy = to/at Possessor there is/exists Possessee
With strategy = Possessor is with Possessee
Have strategy = Possessor has Possessee
Topic strategy = Possessor, Possessee exist (possibly with possessive marking on Possessee)

So, for your conlangs:

1. How is nominal predication expressed?
2. How is adjectival predication expressed?
3. How is locative predication expressed?
4. How are existentials expressed?
5. How is predicative possession expressed?
Nominal predication
`he is a man'
`this is the one I saw'
`he is not a man'

Adjectival Predication
`it/she is big'

Locative and Existential Clauses
`I'm at the camp'

Existentials
`God exists'

Possession
`I have a dog.'
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Re: Dleesoop

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Nominal prediction uses the verbal strategy. Nearly all Dleesoop words are nous, though, so it is not surprising that nominal predication does not really exist.

(1) Dlo', puudde.
PERSON, be_male
'He is a man/male.'

You can also add a generic noun as an object of the verb, though it is usually redundant.

(2) Dlo', puudde dlo'.
PERSON, be_male PERSON
'He is a man.'

Adjectival Predication is vernal, as well. I think, typologically, it always is if the nominal one is.

(3) Dlo', koonii.
PERSON, be_tall
'He is tall.'

Locative predication
I think it is somewhat "verby" as well. Many verbs meaning places have 'copula' and 'locative' forms.
nuuttiik '(be_)camp'
nuuttik 'be at a camp'

(4) Dlo', nuuttik.
PERSON, be_at_camp
'The person is at a camp.'

If there is no locative verb for the thing, a normal copula noun us used as an object of a locative noun as in (4).

(5) Doko, hono dsop-ipoo'
BUG, be_on_the_surface gadget-lamp
'The bug is an the surface of the lamp.'


Existential
The existential verb is kaa.

(6) Kaa hat-itzino.
exist SPIRIT-stream
'There is a stream spirit.'

Possession
I think the same verb could be used with possession, as well.

(7) Dlo', kaa le'-nawe
PERSON, exist ANIMAL-cat
'The person has a cat.'


I don't know yet how pronominal clitics work with those clauses.
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Re: Dleesoop

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The second task is clause-external syntax.


As said before, puu 'act' can be used as an action nominalization.


Usually, clauses are just juxtaposed however.

There are the three secondary aspects/tenses: prospective 'in order to P, before P', perfect 'after P, because P', and progressive 'while P-ing'. They are usually used for backgrouding. All of them can also appear as the only clause in a sentence but then they usually start a discourse contrasting with the speech context.
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Re: Dleesoop

Post by Omzinesý »

The number system is based on four.

0 kope
1 tzokl
2 pnnep
3 weeds
4 atz
2x4=8 wo'uu
3x4=12 hupi
4x4=16 tzep
2x4x4=32 muudo
3x4x4=48 wiihetz
4x4x4=64 ni'

They can be combined. The numbers are read and written in the opposite order compared to English.

tzokl-atz 1+4=5
pnnep-atz 2+4=6
weeds-atz 3+4=7

tzokl-wo'uu 1+8=9
pnnep-wo'uu 2+8=10
weed-wo'uu 3+8=11

tzokl-hupi 1+12=13
pnnep-hupi 2+12=14
weed-hupi 3+12=15

tzokl-tzep 1+16=17
pnnep-tzep 2+16=18
weed-tzep 3+16=19

at-tzep 4+16=20
tzokl-at-tzep 1+4+16=21
pnnep-at-tzep 2+4+16=22
weeds-at-tzep 3+4+16=23

wo'uu-tzep 8+16=24
tzokl-wo'uu-tzep 1+8+16=25
pnnep-wo'uu-tzep 2+8+16=26
weed-wo'uu-tzep 3+8+16=27

hupi-tzep 8+16=24
tzokl-hupi-tzep 1+8+16=25
pnnep-hupi-tzep 2+8+16=26
weed-hupi-tzep 3+8+16=27
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Re: Dleesoop

Post by VaptuantaDoi »

I've finally taken the time to catch up on this, and I gotta say that Dleesoop is really interesting in all its aspects; phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Nothing specific to comment on, but I'm looking forward to seeing this develop further!
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Re: Dleesoop

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On complex clauses and backgrounding

The concept of subordinate clause is not very useful in Dleesoop.

TAM markers just make some clauses more backgrounded than others. They very rarely have markers that could formally mark them subordinate though.

Dleesoop does not have morphological marking of imperfective and perfective verbs. As in every language, verbs can though be prototypically telic or atelic. Context or morphosyntactic marking can though make the verb have an atypical aspectual reading. Telic/perfective verbs are more foregrounded than atelic/imperfective ones.

Temporal clauses
Dleesoop has three marked tenses/aspects
-(w)oo 'Progressive'
"Peehuu" 'sleeps' -> "peehuuwon" 'is sleeping'

-me 'Perfect'
"Peehuu" 'sleeps' -> "peehuume" 'has already slept'

-too/-doo 'Prospective'
"Peehuu" 'sleeps' -> "peehuudoo" 'is going to sleep later'
The foregrounded clause has the unmarked aspect. The backgrounded clause has a marked aspect.

Progressive expresses something happening the same time.

Kuupaddawoolii. Hokose'lii kooda.
kuupadda-woo-lii. hoko-se'-lii kooda
dance-PROGR-SG1 care-CANNOT-SG1 anything
'When I dance, I don't care anything else.'

Perfect expresses anterior event.
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Re: Dleesoop

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.
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Re: Dleesoop

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My current problem with the syntax.

'Horse' could be "le'-tezuuk" 'a riding animal'
But how do I say 'The animal is a horse.'
"Le', tezuuk." means 'The animal rides.' or 'The animal is ridden.' but not 'The animal is a horse.'
Compound nouns can be more ideosyncratic and specific than clauses which must be somewhat compositional.
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Re: Dleesoop

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Omzinesý wrote: 16 Jun 2022 17:58 My current problem with the syntax.

'Horse' could be "le'-tezuuk" 'a riding animal'
But how do I say 'The animal is a horse.'
"Le', tezuuk." means 'The animal rides.' or 'The animal is ridden.' but not 'The animal is a horse.'
Compound nouns can be more ideosyncratic and specific than clauses which must be somewhat compositional.
I think the answer is:

le'-tezuuk 'horse'
le' tezuuk 'the animal rides'
le' tezuuk-le' 'the animal is a horse'

The generic noun/nominalizer/classifier (whatever it is) is added after the verb to specify that the verbs means 'belonging to the category'.
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Re: Dleesoop

Post by Keenir »

this is a very enjoyable read. kudos!
Omzinesý wrote: 16 Jun 2022 17:58My current problem with the syntax.
'Horse' could be "le'-tezuuk" 'a riding animal'
But how do I say 'The animal is a horse.'
"Le', tezuuk." means 'The animal rides.' or 'The animal is ridden.' but not 'The animal is a horse.'
Compound nouns can be more ideosyncratic and specific than clauses which must be somewhat compositional.
hmm...maybe This a-riding-animal is a-riding-animal...removing or cancelling whichever part says its about riding (assuming its a separateable part of the noun - sadly i forget if it was already mentioned)
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Re: Dleesoop

Post by Omzinesý »

Keenir wrote: 23 Jun 2022 17:28 this is a very enjoyable read. kudos!
Omzinesý wrote: 16 Jun 2022 17:58My current problem with the syntax.
'Horse' could be "le'-tezuuk" 'a riding animal'
But how do I say 'The animal is a horse.'
"Le', tezuuk." means 'The animal rides.' or 'The animal is ridden.' but not 'The animal is a horse.'
Compound nouns can be more ideosyncratic and specific than clauses which must be somewhat compositional.
hmm...maybe This a-riding-animal is a-riding-animal...removing or cancelling whichever part says its about riding (assuming its a separateable part of the noun - sadly i forget if it was already mentioned)
le' is a classifier/nominalizer/generic noun 'animal'
tezuuk is a verb 'ride'

So the compound is le'-tezuuk 'a riding animal, i.e. horse'

Many verbs are static, like nawe 'to be a cat', so it's easy to say

le'-nawe 'a cat' (an animal that is a cat)
and Le' nawe. 'The animal is a cat.'

but you cannot do the same with 'horse' because tezuuk is not a static verb meaning 'to be a horse' but a dunamic verb meaning 'to ride'. There is no copula in Dleesoop.

But I think I solved the problem by adding the classifier/nominalizer/generic noun as a suffix.
tezuuk-le' 'to be a horse'


Thank you, anyway.
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Re: Dleesoop

Post by Omzinesý »

Still using the same words

le' 'animal'
newi 'to be a cat'
tezuuk 'to ride'

le'-newi 'a cat' (an animal that is associated with being a cat)
le'-tezuuk 'a horse' (an animal that is associated with riding)

Omzinesý wrote: 02 May 2022 16:24 Existential
The existential verb is kaa.

(6) Kaa hat-itzino.
exist SPIRIT-stream
'There is a stream spirit.'

Possession
I think the same verb could be used with possession, as well.

(7) Dlo', kaa le'-nawe
PERSON, exist ANIMAL-cat
'The person has a cat.'
I think the existential-verb strategy is too simple.

Another idea!

There is a paradigm of pronominal possessive suffixes.

le'luu 'my animal'
le'-néwiluu 'my cat'
le'-tézuukluu 'my horse'

The same possessive suffixes can also be added to verbs.

néwiluu 'I have a cat'

So, 'I have a cat' is morphologically simpler than 'my cat'. 'My cat' can be literally translated 'the animal associated with me having a cat'.

Tézuukluu does not mean 'I have a horse' but 'I have something associated with riding'. 'I have a horse' should be expressed Tézuukluu le'. where le' is the object of the verb.

Edit: I think I'll still go with the Chinese strategy.

Dlo', kaa le'-nawe
Last edited by Omzinesý on 22 Aug 2022 17:44, edited 3 times in total.
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Re: Dleesoop

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Omzinesý wrote: 28 Jun 2022 08:12 le'-newi 'a cat' (an animal that is assassinated with being a cat)
le'-tezuuk 'a horse' (an animal that is assassinated with riding)
Assassinated?
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Re: Dleesoop

Post by Omzinesý »

Some autocorrection must have happened.
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Re: Dleesoop

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(Pro)nominal possession

Suffixes are added to express pronominal possessor.

-luu 'my'
-muu 'yours'
-uu 'his/her/its
-luu' 'our EXCL'
-muutl 'our INCL'
-muu' 'your'
-uu' 'their'

A nominal possessor is just added after the possessed with the suffix.

Le'-tezuukuu dlo'
'the person's horse'
Last edited by Omzinesý on 22 Aug 2022 17:41, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: Dleesoop

Post by Omzinesý »

I think Dleesoop will have another noun case (or postposition): an oblique.

Its marker is -ll.

net ['n̪ɛt̪] 'a fish'
netll ['n̪ɛ.ɾ̪l] 'about a fish'

It is always positioned after the simple noun.

le'-tezuuk [ɬɛʔ.'t̪ɛ.s̪u:k] 'a horse'
le'll-tezuuk [ɬɛ.ʔl.'t̪ɛ.s̪u:k] 'a horse'

If the simple noun ends in a vowel t/d is added between the stem and the ending.

puu 'act'
puudll 'about the act'

It is used in various functions.
1) It codes the complement of main verbs. Many of them use 'about' in English: to think about, to speak about ...
2) It codes what one becomes or is made.
3) It codes the secondary/indirect object of verbs meaning 'to give'.
Last edited by Omzinesý on 26 Jul 2022 19:37, edited 2 times in total.
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