Þāpha Di-B'ār'i

[Shemtov]

Þāpha Di-B'ār'i is the language used for religious and scholarly writing by the Clerical Orders and Scholarly Schools on the continent of R'āk'in' in the Second Warring States Period (cultural note: Only Clerics and Scholars are allowed to read, and each group has its own alphabet and orthographic principles, and they are considered third class citizens). It is based on the state language of the B'ar'i dynasty, which ruled during the 559 years of the Period of Peace. At present, the Second Warring States Period has lasted 355 years, after the 23 Years of Chaos.
NB: R'āk'in is on the same planet as Fuhe, but is located at the Antipodes of the continent that Fuhe is in, and there is no knowledge of each other between the civilazations. In addition, the magic systems of the continents are different, given that the R'āk'inian system is "an echo" of the Fuhe system, given that the magic of the Fuhe Plate has traveled through the planet, to the antipode.

Phonology:
p pʰ ɓ b t tʰ t' d t͡s t͡sʰ t͡s' d͜z t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ' d͡ʒ k kʰ k g ʔ/ <p ph b' b t th t' d c ch c' z ć ćh ć' ź k kh k' g ʔ>
/m m̰ n n̰ ɲ ɲ̰/ <m m' n n' ń ń'>
/ θ s ʃ x h/ <þ s ś x h>
/r r̰ / <r r' >
/l l̰/ <l l'>
/w w̰ j j̰/ <w w' y y'>

/i i: o o: a a:/ <i ī a ā o ō>
/ai ao oi/<ai ao oi>
/a:i a:o o:i/<āi āo āi>
/ai: ao: oi:/<aī aō oī >

The vowels have the following allophones after a glottal consonant:
[ɪ ɨ: ɒ ɔ: ɑ ɑ:]
[ɑɪ ɑɒ ɒɪ]
[ɑ:i ɑ:o ɔ:i]
[ɑɨ: ɑɔ: ɒɨ:]

There is glottal-sonorant harmony, were if a glottal obstruent (including the glottal stop) or glottal sonorant is in a word, all sonorants are glottalized, unless a plain stop blocks it. /h/ is a trojan, in some morphemes acting as a plain obstruent to blocking, in others as a glottal, but it never triggers harmony.

NOUNS:
Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine, two numbers, singular and plural, and two cases, Nominative and Objective-Oblique. They can be either definite or indefinate.

In the singular feminine nouns all end in -a or ā, while masculines end in a consonant.

Declension of a masculine noun, Solal, "Man":
Indef:
Nom sing: Solal
Nom plr: Solali
Obj-Obl sing: Solalac
Obj-Obl plural: Solalić
Def:
Nom sing: ʔassolal
Nom plr: ʔassolali
Obj-Obl sing: ʔassolalac
Obj-Obl plural: ʔassolalić

Feminine noun "Kirā" "woman"
Indef:
Nom sing: Kirā
Nom plr: Kirai
Obj-Obl sing: Kirat
Obj-Obl plural: Kirati
Def:
Nom sing: Hokirā
Nom plr: Hokirai
Obj-Obl sing: Hokirat
Obj-Obl plural: Hokirati

Glottal-final Masculine Y'ać'im' "Hand"
Indef:
Nom sing: Y'ać'im'
Nom plr: Y'ać'im'oī
Obj-Obl sing: Y'ać'im'ic
Obj-Obl plural:Y'ać'im' ić
Def:
Nom sing: ʔay'y'ać'im'
Nom plr: ʔay'y'ać'im'oī
Obj-Obl sing: ʔay'y'ać'im'ic
Obj-Obl plural:ʔay'y'ać'im' ić

[Shemtov]

Pronouns:
1P singular:
Nom : Nan
Obj-Obl : Nāos
Gen: Nāniz

1P plr inclusive:
Nom sing: Nadao
Obj-Obl : Nāitos
Gen: Nadāiź

1P plr exclusive:
Nom : Nāń
Obj-Obl : Nāś
Gen: Nāńaź

2p sing:
Nom : Taoþ
Obj-Obl : Tos
Gen: Tōiz

2P plr:
Nom : Tōi
Obj-Obl : Taīś
Gen: Tāiź

3P masc sing:
Nom : Lor
Obj-Obl : Los
Gen: Lōiz

3p fem sing:
Nom : Lorā
Obj-Obl : Lās
Gen: Lāiz

3p plr:
Nom : Lorī
Obj-Obl : Līś
Gen: Lōźi

[Shemtov]

NB: UPDATED PRONOUNS TO BE LESS REGULAR

[Shemtov]

The verbs of the language work with trilitaral roots.
The Non-Past Simple Binyan is CCaoC.

The Present Tense conjugation of the root B'-K'-R' "To do, to make"
1P singular: N'ib'k'aor'
1P plr incl: Ń'ab'k'aor'
1P plr excl: Naxb'ak'aor'
2P sing: Þab'k'aor'
2p plr: Tāib'k'aor'
3p sing masc: L'aob'k'aor'
3p sing fem: L'āb'k'aor'ā
3p plr: Y'ab'k'aor'

The future tense is formed by adding the inflected auxilary Maos after the non-Past Participle:
1P singular: B'ak'aor' Nimaos
1P plr incl: B'ak'aor 'Ń'amaos
1P plr excl: B'ak'aor Naxmaos
2P sing:B'ak'aor Þamaos
2p plr:B'ak'aor Tāimaos
3p sing masc: B'ak'aor L'aomaos
3p sing fem: B'ak'aor L'āmaosā
3p plr: B'ak'aor Y'amaos

Aspects and Moods are formed by adding biliteral auxillaries similiar to Maos; I will discuss this in a later post.

[Shemtov]

I will now use the root P-G-B "kill" as my model, as it has functions in all Binyans, but I will refer to Binyanim using the Non-past participle of B'-K'-R' , thus the simple Binyan is the B'ak'aor.

Past Tense Inflection of P-G-B in the B'ak'aor:
1P singular: Paogban
1P plr incl: Paogbiń
1P plr excl: Paogbanax
2P sing: PaogbiÞ
2p plr: Paogbīt
3p sing masc: Paogbal
3p sing fem: Paogbalā
3p plr: Paogbīya

BINYAN II:
The B'ak'aīr'; the Intensive

Pagaīb "To slay; to murder"
Non-Past tense:
1P singular: Nipgaīb
1P plr incl: Ńapgaīb
1P plr excl: Naxpagaīb
2P sing: Þapgaīb
2p plr: Tāipgaīb
3p sing masc: Laopgaīb
3p sing fem: Lāpgaībā
3p plr: Yapgaīb

Past tense:
1P singular: Paīgban
1P plr incl: Paīgbiń
1P plr excl: Paīgbanax
2P sing: PaīgbiÞ
2p plr: Paīgbīt
3p sing masc: Paīgbal
3p sing fem: Paīgbalā
3p plr: Paīgbīya


BINYAN III:
The B'ak'ōr'; The Passive

Pagōb "To be killed"
Non-Past tense:
1P singular: Nipgōb
1P plr incl: Ńapgōb
1P plr excl: Naxpagōb
2P sing: Þapgōb
2p plr: Tāipgōb
3p sing masc: Laopgōb
3p sing fem: Lāpgōbā
3p plr: Yapgōb

Past tense:
1P singular: Pōgban
1P plr incl: Pōgbiń
1P plr excl: Pōgbanax
2P sing: PōgbiÞ
2p plr: Pōgbīt
3p sing masc: Pōgbal
3p sing fem: Pōgbalā
3p plr: Paīgbīya

BINYAN IV:
The B'ak'k'ar'; The Causitive

Paggab "To make s.o. kill"
Non-Past tense:
1P singular: Nipaggab
1P plr incl: Ńapaggab
1P plr excl: Naxpaggab
2P sing: Þapaggab
2p plr: Tāipaggab
3p sing masc: Laopaggab
3p sing fem: Lāpaggabā
3p plr: Yapaggab

Past tense:
1P singular: Paggaban
1P plr incl: Paggabiń
1P plr excl: Paggabnax
2P sing: PaggabiÞ
2p plr: Paggabīt
3p sing masc: Paggabal
3p sing fem: Paggablā
3p plr: Paggabīya

BINYAN IV:
The B'awak'ar'; The Detensive

Pawagab "To injure"
Non-Past tense:
1P singular: Nipawagab
1P plr incl: Ńapawagab
1P plr excl: Naxpawagab
2P sing: Þapawagab
2p plr: Tāipawagab
3p sing masc: Laopawagab
3p sing fem: Lāpawagabā
3p plr: Yapawagab

Past tense:
1P singular: Pawagban
1P plr incl: Pawagbiń
1P plr excl: Pawagbanax
2P sing: PawagbiÞ
2p plr: Pawagbīt
3p sing masc:Pawagbal
3p sing fem: Pawagbalā
3p plr: Pawagbīya


These are the "Basic Binyans", but "Compound Binyans" exist, and will be dealt in a future post.

[Shemtov]

Binyan V: The B'ak'oir': The Passive Intensive:
Pagoib "To be slain"
Non-Past tense:
1P singular: Nipgoib
1P plr incl: Ńapgoib
1P plr excl: Naxpagoib
2P sing: Þapgoib
2p plr: Tāipgoib
3p sing masc: Laopgoib
3p sing fem: Lāpgoibā
3p plr: Yapgoib

Past tense:
1P singular: Pagoiban
1P plr incl: Pagoib iń
1P plr excl: Pagoibanax
2P sing: PagoibiÞ
2p plr: Pagoib īt
3p sing masc: Pagoibal
3p sing fem: Pagoibalā
3p plr: Pagoibīya



Binyan VI: The B'awak'īr': The Passive Detensive:
Pawagīb "To be wounded"

Binyan VII:
The B'ak'k'ōr': The Causaitive Intensive:
Paggōb "To cause to slay"

BINYAN IX:
The B'awak'k'ar'; The Causitive Detensive

Pawaggab "To cause to injure"

[Shemtov]

Prepositional proclitics are placed before a noun in its prepositional form to mark what in other languages would be finer case distinctions.
Note that the Genitive proclitic, Di- does not not need the noun to be in the prepositional form.
Dative-Lative: ʔil-
Locative: ʔāl-
Ablative: Mīn-
Instrumental-comatative: ʔīm-

Note that comatative, when making lists, is applied only to the second item, while the last item is proceeded by a special comatative "Waim-"

Paīgbīya ʔassolalić ʔīmhokirati ʔar'r'ob'ālić hor'ob'āl'āti waimhotiśkati
́́́́́Paīgbī-ya ʔas-solal-ić ʔīm-ho-kira-ti ʔar'-r'ob'āl-ić ho-r'ob'āl'ā-ti waim-ho-tiśka-ti
INTENS.PST\kill-3P.PLR DEF.MASC-man-PLR.OBL COMAT-DEF.FEM-woman-PLR.OBL DEF.MASC-boy-PLR.OBL DEF.FEM-girl-PLR.OBL COMAT-DEF.FEM-infant-PLR.OBL
"They slaughtered the men and the women, the boys, the girls and also the babies"

[Shemtov]

The copula is T'oiþ, which has suppletive forms for the past (W'aot'þ-) Negative (M't'aoþ) past Negative (M'aot'þ-) interrogitive (B't'aoth) and past interrogitive (B'aot'þ).

Þat'oith r'ob'āl
"You are a boy"

W'aot'þiÞ r'ob'āl
"You were a boy"

M'aot'þiÞ r'ob'ā
"You were not a boy"l


Þab't'oith r'ob'āl
"Are youa boy?"