Omzinian Scrap thread
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
A Romance-based "auxlang"
It modifies Romance words so much they don't look what they look like in Romance.
All words are monosyllabic: (C)(C)(C)V(C).
Syntax
SVOX, OSVX, XSVO
All sentences start with a TAM particle.
A la om leg un zral.
[ələ'(ʔ)om leg ʊn'zɾäl]
PST.PERFVE SG.DEF man read SG. INDEF newspaper
'The man read a newspaper.'
It modifies Romance words so much they don't look what they look like in Romance.
All words are monosyllabic: (C)(C)(C)V(C).
Syntax
SVOX, OSVX, XSVO
All sentences start with a TAM particle.
A la om leg un zral.
[ələ'(ʔ)om leg ʊn'zɾäl]
PST.PERFVE SG.DEF man read SG. INDEF newspaper
'The man read a newspaper.'
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
An Uralic-ish phonology that tests with Estonian-ish lengths
Primary vowel inventory
ʲi u
ʲe o
ʲæ ɑ
Primary consonant inventory
p t tʲ t͡s k
b d dʲ g
s sʲ
z zʲ
m n nʲ
l lʲ
r rʲ
ʋ j
Simple phonotactics
The maximal syllable is: (C)V(C)(C) or (C)V(V)(C). A syllable ending in two consonants or having two vowels is possible only if it is a strong monosyllabic foot (see below).
All vowels and most consonants can be short or long. Voiced obstruents / b d dʲ g z zʲ/ cannot be geminated and semi-vowels / ʋ j/ can be geminated only in strong feet.
Furthermore, there is a feature I call strong foot/syllable. Diphthongs are also considered long vowels. Long consonants are ither geminated or consonant clusters.
Palatalization
Palatalization is phonemic only in dental consonants, excluding /t͡s/, before back vowels.
Before front vowels, all consonants are palatalized, and the distinction of palatalized and non-palatalized dentals is lost.
Word-finally, palatalization is possible only after a strong syllable. There, it applies to all consonants and should be analyzed as [ʲɪ].
Foot and lengths
Words consist of feet. Here I only handle disyllabic and monosyllabic feet. There might be trisyllabic feet and monosyllabic weak feet, too, but I have enough work describing the current topic. A foot consists of a primarily or secondarily stressed syllable and a possible unstressed syllable.
Weak (= non-strong) feet
All weak feet have two syllables. The first one can be short or long while the second one is always short. There can be an initial consonant that does not belong to the feet, and there can be a final short consonant that does not affect the analyses of the feet. Feet 2) and 3) have a longer duration than 1) because their first syllable is longer, and the second syllables have equal durations.
1) VCV (a short vowel + a short consonant + a short vowel)
2) V:CV (a long vowel + a short consonant + a short vowel)
3) VC:V (a short vowel + a long consonant + a short vowel)
Strong feet
There can be only one strong foot per word, and it is the first one. Like all first syllables, it always has the primary stress. Strong feet are not longer than 2) or 3). Both consonants and vowels in their first syllable are somewhat lengthened, but the vowel of the second syllable is shortened or dropped altogether. That is, strong feet are not “stronger” altogether, but the weight is gathered to the first syllable while, in weak feet, it is more equally shared. I mark the relative lengthening by an acute accent on the vowel of the syllable, but it should be remembered that the consonant is lengthened as well. I mark the shortened vowel with ̆ on the vowel. The structure of 4) like that of 2), except that the feet is strong. The structure of 5) like that of 3), except that the feet is strong.
4) V́:CV̆ or V́:CV̆ (a long vowel + a short consonant (+ an overshort vowel))
5) V́C:V̆ or V́C:V̆ (a short vowel + a long consonant (+ an overshort vowel)
Overshort vowels
When appearing as the second syllable of a strong foot, vowels are reduced. All front vowels are reduced to [ʲɪ]. /ʲi, ʲe, ʲæ/ => [ʲɪ].
/u/ and /o/ are reduced to [ʊ]. /u o/ => [ʊ]
/ɑ/ is reduced to [ʌ ~ ɜ]. There is a phonetic vowel harmony between the two realizations. [ʌ] appears if the preceding syllable has back vowels, and [ɜ] appears if it has front vowels.
There is a contrast between [ʊ] or [ʌ ~ ɜ] and full elision. There is no such distinction with [ʲɪ], see the following chapter. That emphasizes the fact that reduced consonants can be very short.
Orthography
A language with palatalization is nice for Cyrillic script.
Vowels
ʲi u <и у>
ʲe o <е о>
ʲæ ɑ <я а>
When long:
ʲi: u: <ии уу>
ʲe: o: <еэ оо>
ʲæ: ɑ: <яэ аа>
When reduced:
ʲɪ ʊ ʌ~ɜ <ь ъ э>
Consonants
p t tʲ t͡s k <п т ть ц к>
b d dʲ k <б д дь к>
s sʲ <с сь>
z zʲ <з зь>
m n nʲ <м н нь>
l lʲ <л ль>
r rʲ <р рь>
ʋ j <в й>
Geminated consonants are written twice, but <ь> of palatalization is not repeated.
This orthography relatively well marks strong syllables. All monosyllabic words are strong. Similarly syllables followed by a reduced vowel are strong.
Primary vowel inventory
ʲi u
ʲe o
ʲæ ɑ
Primary consonant inventory
p t tʲ t͡s k
b d dʲ g
s sʲ
z zʲ
m n nʲ
l lʲ
r rʲ
ʋ j
Simple phonotactics
The maximal syllable is: (C)V(C)(C) or (C)V(V)(C). A syllable ending in two consonants or having two vowels is possible only if it is a strong monosyllabic foot (see below).
All vowels and most consonants can be short or long. Voiced obstruents / b d dʲ g z zʲ/ cannot be geminated and semi-vowels / ʋ j/ can be geminated only in strong feet.
Furthermore, there is a feature I call strong foot/syllable. Diphthongs are also considered long vowels. Long consonants are ither geminated or consonant clusters.
Palatalization
Palatalization is phonemic only in dental consonants, excluding /t͡s/, before back vowels.
Before front vowels, all consonants are palatalized, and the distinction of palatalized and non-palatalized dentals is lost.
Word-finally, palatalization is possible only after a strong syllable. There, it applies to all consonants and should be analyzed as [ʲɪ].
Foot and lengths
Words consist of feet. Here I only handle disyllabic and monosyllabic feet. There might be trisyllabic feet and monosyllabic weak feet, too, but I have enough work describing the current topic. A foot consists of a primarily or secondarily stressed syllable and a possible unstressed syllable.
Weak (= non-strong) feet
All weak feet have two syllables. The first one can be short or long while the second one is always short. There can be an initial consonant that does not belong to the feet, and there can be a final short consonant that does not affect the analyses of the feet. Feet 2) and 3) have a longer duration than 1) because their first syllable is longer, and the second syllables have equal durations.
1) VCV (a short vowel + a short consonant + a short vowel)
2) V:CV (a long vowel + a short consonant + a short vowel)
3) VC:V (a short vowel + a long consonant + a short vowel)
Strong feet
There can be only one strong foot per word, and it is the first one. Like all first syllables, it always has the primary stress. Strong feet are not longer than 2) or 3). Both consonants and vowels in their first syllable are somewhat lengthened, but the vowel of the second syllable is shortened or dropped altogether. That is, strong feet are not “stronger” altogether, but the weight is gathered to the first syllable while, in weak feet, it is more equally shared. I mark the relative lengthening by an acute accent on the vowel of the syllable, but it should be remembered that the consonant is lengthened as well. I mark the shortened vowel with ̆ on the vowel. The structure of 4) like that of 2), except that the feet is strong. The structure of 5) like that of 3), except that the feet is strong.
4) V́:CV̆ or V́:CV̆ (a long vowel + a short consonant (+ an overshort vowel))
5) V́C:V̆ or V́C:V̆ (a short vowel + a long consonant (+ an overshort vowel)
Overshort vowels
When appearing as the second syllable of a strong foot, vowels are reduced. All front vowels are reduced to [ʲɪ]. /ʲi, ʲe, ʲæ/ => [ʲɪ].
/u/ and /o/ are reduced to [ʊ]. /u o/ => [ʊ]
/ɑ/ is reduced to [ʌ ~ ɜ]. There is a phonetic vowel harmony between the two realizations. [ʌ] appears if the preceding syllable has back vowels, and [ɜ] appears if it has front vowels.
There is a contrast between [ʊ] or [ʌ ~ ɜ] and full elision. There is no such distinction with [ʲɪ], see the following chapter. That emphasizes the fact that reduced consonants can be very short.
Orthography
A language with palatalization is nice for Cyrillic script.
Vowels
ʲi u <и у>
ʲe o <е о>
ʲæ ɑ <я а>
When long:
ʲi: u: <ии уу>
ʲe: o: <еэ оо>
ʲæ: ɑ: <яэ аа>
When reduced:
ʲɪ ʊ ʌ~ɜ <ь ъ э>
Consonants
p t tʲ t͡s k <п т ть ц к>
b d dʲ k <б д дь к>
s sʲ <с сь>
z zʲ <з зь>
m n nʲ <м н нь>
l lʲ <л ль>
r rʲ <р рь>
ʋ j <в й>
Geminated consonants are written twice, but <ь> of palatalization is not repeated.
This orthography relatively well marks strong syllables. All monosyllabic words are strong. Similarly syllables followed by a reduced vowel are strong.
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
p t k͡p k
b t g͡b g
f s
v z
m n l r
j w
Long
i: ɨ: u: <í ý ú>
e: o: <é ó>
ɛ: ɔ: <è ò>
ä: <á>
Short
i ɨ u <i y u>
ɛ ɔ <e o>
a <a>
Similar length systems to those in the above project.
Nouns have DIRECT, LOCATIVE, and GENITIVE cases.
NOM tasa (short first syllable)
LOC taasa (long first syllable)
GEN tassa (long first syllable)
NOM taas (extra-long first syllable)
LOC taasü (extra-long first syllable)
GEN taasï (extra-long first syllable)
NOM tass (extra-long first syllable)
LOC tassü (extra-long first syllable)
GEN tassï (extra-long first syllable)
Nasals and liquids can replace a short vowel
NOM tnsa (short first syllable)
LOC tansa (long first syllable)
GEN tnssa (long first syllable)
b t g͡b g
f s
v z
m n l r
j w
Long
i: ɨ: u: <í ý ú>
e: o: <é ó>
ɛ: ɔ: <è ò>
ä: <á>
Short
i ɨ u <i y u>
ɛ ɔ <e o>
a <a>
Similar length systems to those in the above project.
Nouns have DIRECT, LOCATIVE, and GENITIVE cases.
NOM tasa (short first syllable)
LOC taasa (long first syllable)
GEN tassa (long first syllable)
NOM taas (extra-long first syllable)
LOC taasü (extra-long first syllable)
GEN taasï (extra-long first syllable)
NOM tass (extra-long first syllable)
LOC tassü (extra-long first syllable)
GEN tassï (extra-long first syllable)
Nasals and liquids can replace a short vowel
NOM tnsa (short first syllable)
LOC tansa (long first syllable)
GEN tnssa (long first syllable)
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
Noun classes are marked with an infix after the first consonant of the stemOmzinesý wrote: ↑06 Jul 2021 23:19 p t k͡p k
ɓ ɗ
β? ɹ w
m n
s
i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ
ə
a ã
Phonotactics
(C)V(C)
The coda is always a voiceles stop or /s/.
Stress on the penultimate syllable if it is closed.
Stress on the ultimate syllable if the penultimate syllable is open.
Mainly agglutinative (Adding schwa to C_CV# to move stress to the last syllable is kind process morphology.)
Head marking
Fluid intransitive marking on cross-referencing in the verb.
Mood-prominent (no tense or aspect), evidentiality
Converbs
k<i>sani
<HUMAN.SG>-person
'a person'
k<ut>sani
<PHYSICAL>-person
'human body'
Verbs agree the class of their subject.
wan-i
eat-HUMAN.SG
'She/he is eating. '
All non-monovalent verbs have a voice-kind marker that codes the role of the second argument. I gloss it as APPLICATIVE.
p-et-wan-i
APPL.DESTROY-LIQUID-eat-HUMAN
'She/he is eating (ie. drinking) the liquid.'
If there isn't the voice marker, the second argument appears as an adjunct in the oblique case or is incorporated.
wan-i n<et>sak-e
eat-HUMAN <liquid>water-OBL
'She/He is drinking water.'
~
nesak-wan-i
water-eat-HUMAN
The applicative thing is not an Austronesian trigger. Topicality or definiteness doesn't really affect which voice is used. The voice used is rather determined by the verb lexeme, though some voices can be used by one verb.
Topicality is coded in word order.
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
I'm still thinking how to derive the consonant phoneme inventory.Omzinesý wrote: ↑04 Jul 2021 10:46 APseudo-Germanic lang
One of my favoutite consonant inventories, which I didn't make myself but somebody posted in Random Phonologies thread years ago.
p t̪ t͡s k
m n ŋ
s x
z ɣ
l ɾ (or possibly ʀ)
ʋ j
Hungurian-ish vowels
y i u
ø e o
ä
Vowels are either long or short (still considering if it affects quality)
Normal voice or creaky voice. (Creaky voice always with vowel-initial words ála German, where the glottal stop seems to often realize that way.)
(I'm not sure if length and phonation distinctions can co-appear or if one is neutralized ála Danish.)
Nouns
Two genders: Fem Masc + Plural, where gender is neutralized.
Two noun cases: Nominative and Obliques (Accusative-Dative, double object).
Geninitive could be formed with a kind of Idaafa: [possessed][article[possessor]], "house the man".
Case and gender appear in the article (and somewhat in adjective attributes):
DEF.M.NOM, DEF.F.NOM, DEF.PL.NOM
DEF.M.OBL, DEF.F.OBL, DEF.PL.OBL
INDEF.M.NOM, INDEF.F.NOM, INDEF.PL.NOM
INDEF.M.OBL, INDEF.F.OBL, INDEF.PL.OBL
In the possession construction, the article has the case and number of the possessor but the case of the whole NP/possessed.
Location prepositions express direction with Oblique and place with Nominative, ála Esperanto.
Probably the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated stops could be maintained in consonant clusters.
pʰr → px ~ pχ
pr ~ br → pɣ ~ pʁ
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
A Romlang
Verb
- Stress always lies on the stem.
- Second conjugation (e) verbs have a synthetic imperfect with -j and a complex imperfect with auxiliary to 'I have'. First conjugation verbs only have the complex imperfect.
- The perfect is always complex but, in third persons, the auxiliary can be dropped.
- The future is formed with prefix vol-.
Present Indicative
'faço 'I do'
'façes
'façe
'façeus
'façeis
'façen
Imperfect Indicative
'fa.çjo ~ to 'fat
'fa.çjes ~ tes 'fat
'fa.çje ~ 'te 'fat
'fa.çjeus ~ 'teneus 'fat
'fa.çjeis ~ 'teneis 'fat
'fa.çjen ~ ten 'fat
Perfect Indicative
'avo 'fat
'aves 'fat
'ave 'fat ~ 'fat
'aveus 'fat
'aveis 'fat
'aven 'fat ~ 'fat
Future
vol'faço
vol'façes
vol'façe
vol'façeus
vol'façeis
vol'façen
Verb
- Stress always lies on the stem.
- Second conjugation (e) verbs have a synthetic imperfect with -j and a complex imperfect with auxiliary to 'I have'. First conjugation verbs only have the complex imperfect.
- The perfect is always complex but, in third persons, the auxiliary can be dropped.
- The future is formed with prefix vol-.
Present Indicative
'faço 'I do'
'façes
'façe
'façeus
'façeis
'façen
Imperfect Indicative
'fa.çjo ~ to 'fat
'fa.çjes ~ tes 'fat
'fa.çje ~ 'te 'fat
'fa.çjeus ~ 'teneus 'fat
'fa.çjeis ~ 'teneis 'fat
'fa.çjen ~ ten 'fat
Perfect Indicative
'avo 'fat
'aves 'fat
'ave 'fat ~ 'fat
'aveus 'fat
'aveis 'fat
'aven 'fat ~ 'fat
Future
vol'faço
vol'façes
vol'façe
vol'façeus
vol'façeis
vol'façen
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
Still the Romlang
There is a small conjugation of 5 monosyllabic verbs:
da- 'give'
fa- 'do'
sa- 'know'
sta- 'stay'
va- 'go'
Their specialities are:
- present indicative sg1 -u and sg2 imperative -i markers are added to the vowel stem
- present indicative pl1 and pl2 markers are syllabic -mus -this
- imperfect is formed with -v(a)
- conjunctive present forms are irregular (dia, facha, sapha, stia, vada)
sau 'I know'
sas
sa
samus
satis
san
Sai 'Know!'
savo 'I knew'
savas
sava
savaus
savais
savan
pe sapha 'that I know'
pe saphas
pe sapha
pe saphaus
pe sapais
pe saphan
There is a small conjugation of 5 monosyllabic verbs:
da- 'give'
fa- 'do'
sa- 'know'
sta- 'stay'
va- 'go'
Their specialities are:
- present indicative sg1 -u and sg2 imperative -i markers are added to the vowel stem
- present indicative pl1 and pl2 markers are syllabic -mus -this
- imperfect is formed with -v(a)
- conjunctive present forms are irregular (dia, facha, sapha, stia, vada)
sau 'I know'
sas
sa
samus
satis
san
Sai 'Know!'
savo 'I knew'
savas
sava
savaus
savais
savan
pe sapha 'that I know'
pe saphas
pe sapha
pe saphaus
pe sapais
pe saphan
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
So, there are two cases: the nominative and the oblique (merger of the accusative, dative, and genitive). They mostly realize in articles. The masculine nominative definite article is da, and the masculine oblique definite article is do.Omzinesý wrote: ↑05 Aug 2021 16:19I'm still thinking how to derive the consonant phoneme inventory.Omzinesý wrote: ↑04 Jul 2021 10:46 APseudo-Germanic lang
One of my favoutite consonant inventories, which I didn't make myself but somebody posted in Random Phonologies thread years ago.
p t̪ t͡s k
m n ŋ
s x
z ɣ
l ɾ (or possibly ʀ)
ʋ j
Hungurian-ish vowels
y i u
ø e o
ä
Vowels are either long or short (still considering if it affects quality)
Normal voice or creaky voice. (Creaky voice always with vowel-initial words ála German, where the glottal stop seems to often realize that way.)
(I'm not sure if length and phonation distinctions can co-appear or if one is neutralized ála Danish.)
Nouns
Two genders: Fem Masc + Plural, where gender is neutralized.
Two noun cases: Nominative and Obliques (Accusative-Dative, double object).
Geninitive could be formed with a kind of Idaafa: [possessed][article[possessor]], "house the man".
Case and gender appear in the article (and somewhat in adjective attributes):
DEF.M.NOM, DEF.F.NOM, DEF.PL.NOM
DEF.M.OBL, DEF.F.OBL, DEF.PL.OBL
INDEF.M.NOM, INDEF.F.NOM, INDEF.PL.NOM
INDEF.M.OBL, INDEF.F.OBL, INDEF.PL.OBL
In the possession construction, the article has the case and number of the possessor but the case of the whole NP/possessed.
Location prepositions express direction with Oblique and place with Nominative, ála Esperanto.
Probably the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated stops could be maintained in consonant clusters.
pʰr → px ~ pχ
pr ~ br → pɣ ~ pʁ
Kat 'cat' and man 'man' are both masculine.
1)
In an older state of the language, the possessor followed the possessed in the oblique case, which was a remnant of the old genitive case.
So the NP in the nominative was:
da kat do man 'the cat of the man'
And the NP in the oblique case was:
do kat do man 'the cat of the man'
2)
But then the article of the possessed was lost. That also happens with the English 's genitive: ?? 'the man's the cat'
So, both the constructions became alike:
kat do man 'the cat of the man'
3)
But now the construction had just one article, always in the oblique case. It was reanalysed as the marker of the case of the whole construction:
So the NP in the nominative became:
kat da man 'the cat of the man'
And the NP in the oblique case became:
kat do man 'the cat of the man'
4)
Now the oblique case had lost its function as the marker of possession and the possession construction was just expressed syntactically. So, the oblique case is now called the accusative and it markes both direct and indirect objects.
Does this sound like a natural development?
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
A lang imitating Chinese
Onset
pʰ tʰ t͡ʂʰ kʰ
p t t͡ʂ k
b d d͡ʐ g
s ʂ
z ʐ
l
mʰ nʰ ɲʰ
m n ɲ
- Alveolars and retroflexes merger before /i/ or /y/ or a corresponding glide and become corresponding palatals.
Medial
j ɥ w
Nucleus
i y u
ə
ɑ ɒ
(The coda consonants below can also be syllabic. )
/jə/ = [je]
/ɥə/ = [ɥe]
/wə/ = [wo]
/jɑ/= [ja]
/ɥɑ/ =[ɥa]
/wɑ/=[wɑ]
/jɒ/= [jɶ]
/ɥɒ/=[ɥɶ]
/wɒ/=[wɒ]
Coda
n ŋ (Nasalizes the preceding vowel)
l ʟ
Tones
The tone system is relatively easy.
<a> flat tone
<á> rising tone
<à> lowering tone
Onset
pʰ tʰ t͡ʂʰ kʰ
p t t͡ʂ k
b d d͡ʐ g
s ʂ
z ʐ
l
mʰ nʰ ɲʰ
m n ɲ
- Alveolars and retroflexes merger before /i/ or /y/ or a corresponding glide and become corresponding palatals.
Medial
j ɥ w
Nucleus
i y u
ə
ɑ ɒ
(The coda consonants below can also be syllabic. )
/jə/ = [je]
/ɥə/ = [ɥe]
/wə/ = [wo]
/jɑ/= [ja]
/ɥɑ/ =[ɥa]
/wɑ/=[wɑ]
/jɒ/= [jɶ]
/ɥɒ/=[ɥɶ]
/wɒ/=[wɒ]
Coda
n ŋ (Nasalizes the preceding vowel)
l ʟ
Tones
The tone system is relatively easy.
<a> flat tone
<á> rising tone
<à> lowering tone
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
AccentOmzinesý wrote: ↑11 Sep 2021 18:18 A new derivation from Kahichali phoneme inventory.
p t k
s ʃ ç x (ʍ)
m n
l r j (w)
- I'm not sure if the labiovelars should be included.
y i u
ɛ ɑ
Vowels can be nasalized and have some tones.
Syllable structure:
(C)(C)V
The allowed consonant clusters are:
plosive + fricative/liquid
{p t k} + {s ʃ ç x (ʍ) l r}
Phonetically, there are thus affricates and velar/palatal 'aspiration'.
This is best described as a pitch-accent language. There are three tones: high, rising, and mid. A syllable can be either accented (has either a high tone or a rising tone) on non-accented (has a mid tone). The rules are:
i) Last syllable is never accented.
ii) Two accented syllables cannot appear in line.
iii) More than three non-accented syllables cannot appear in line (three is rare too).
Most words have one accented syllable but long ones have several. Words without accents are possible.
There are thus feet consisting of an accented syllable and (a) non-accented syllable(s), but their lengths are irregular.
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Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
Mekša. 'I (we excl.) hit him/her/them.'
Mekha. 'You hit him/her/them.'
Meka. 'He/she/they hit him/her/them.'
Mekra. 'We (incl.) hit him/her/them.'
Mehetša. 'He/she/they hit me (us excl.).'
Mehetha. 'He/she/they hit you.'
Meheta. 'He/she/they hit him/her/them.'
Mehetra. 'He/she/they hit us (incl.).'
Mekha. 'You hit him/her/them.'
Meka. 'He/she/they hit him/her/them.'
Mekra. 'We (incl.) hit him/her/them.'
Mehetša. 'He/she/they hit me (us excl.).'
Mehetha. 'He/she/they hit you.'
Meheta. 'He/she/they hit him/her/them.'
Mehetra. 'He/she/they hit us (incl.).'
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
Generated the words of the snowball thread according to the phonotactic rules of a lang of mine.
Code: Select all
moko abdomen
nera accident
meuniain actress/actor
uamu adult
aluir afraid
irvlin afternoon
frume agree
prerjrae air
polsu airplane
fenru alive
maco angry
sanxo animal
mopa ant
froercu apologize
epu apple
napo argue
fanso arm
tleikroe arrow
nirla artist
aiuo ashes
urgle ask
olvroi autumn, fall
peli baby
tokreon back
fexa back
take bad
senklor bag
utlaon bake
nefeu ball
kula banana
feiko band
xune bank
pulci bar
uiii bark
riru basket
tuko be
iaitain be (location)
uara beach
nukroi bean
xoiar bear
xoce beard
klolsel beautiful, pretty
elplun become, to get, to turn
oeclo bed
einnoe beef
torii beer
arjrir begin, to start
anflo believe, to think
xerjrein belt
xalso bicycle
icre big, large
aopreur bird
floca birthday
nurpan bite
noxe black
crifloin bleed
rali blind
onjrer blonde
ekou blood
flice blue
sepa boat
oilkri body
pelca bone
kufral book
xarki bored
teko born
aose borrow
saue bottle
maxo bottom
eoldlu box
tinxa boy (young man)
xoljal bread
calce break
cilie break wind, to fart, to pass gas
ploufaer breakfast
tana breast
lupu breathe
iuno bridge
oljeo bring
eirkao brother
mene brown
ildor build
monma burn
tanno bus
rurli bush
xiniu button
craorjla buy
crutlir cabbage
irbrae cake
telko call (refer to by a certain name)
xiie camel
poru camera
erfar car, automobile
rifa card
calxa carry
icril cat
uelse CD
liio cell phone
menta chair
eiuoe change
eltei cheap
eolba chicken
ualta chicken
xanle child
sica child (reciprocal of parent)
eunlen chocolate
crunvo church/temple
nelfe cinema, movie theater
eildol city, town
autu class
ueluo clean
troenblou climb
proiclen close
talmo clothes
toincu cloud
oulmeu coat
sansa coffee
sorni coin
irbeor cold
punna cold
xoka color
rerse come
ennan computer
oeplaur concert
iuke continue
mapa cook
unuoe cookie, biscuit
lofi cool
tenko corn, maize
siio corner
uici cost
rari cough
olblo country, nation, state, land
plorcla cow
menuu crawl
peua cry
kuta curly
lecroe cut
ifrir dance
pratrei dark
trokloe date
kenno daughter
nanmo day (time it takes a planet to rotate on its axis)
kreorfoi day, daytime
uouu dead
serca decide
fume deep
nirpae defecate, to take a dump, to do one’s business
sulfoin desert
kunu diamond
soke dictionary
luua die
rarla different
aelprae dig
lonti dinner, supper
uarla dirty
corlo do, to perform
oirvrer doctor
lalca dog
rese dollar (or other monetary unit)
tanra door
klairtreul draw
tanui dream
ofri drink
fofle drive
pilpreu drum
pleupril dry
roce dull
krase dust
eurrou ear
oton early
fraoflir earth
funsa eat
nupi egg
corfu elephant
ortir empty
aoua evening
aocleur excited
lece expensive
xoerplu eye
oepro face
uexa fall
oilfrol farmer
tleofla fast
aeniae father
ruxo feather
eprou feed
auprun feel
manli feel
piia feel
tilo find
endrun finger
purno finish, to complete
cotin fire
ulvloi first
xiio fish
solfrau fish
ifoer fish
coku fisherman
menci flat
xolna float
ciklir flow
oka flower
uipa fly
tunpi fly
eurvreir food
roirnu foot
tauclir forest
traendru freckles
fula freeze
kuna fresh
praelu friend
xinfi front
ferxu fruit
iexo full
roerpleun game
irmun garden
faxa get, to come to have, to obtain
paci girl (young woman)
renuo give
xelpe glass
aefeor glasses
ainxoil glove
ukloen go
fleutro go down, to descend
punlo go shopping
kupaur go up, to ascend
pluxo goat
irfleor gold
xeofrou good
tenu grass
solpo green
colo grey
siflaor group
runsa guitar
aplo gun
irclu hair
karjo ham
uila hand
foilplen handsome, attractive
mamoel happen
toue happy
kalke hard
treolpu hat
sarxo hate
xenxen have (a baby)
munra have sex, to sleep with, to make love, to fornicate
polro have, to possess, to own
plultle hazel
creclol head
ata headphones
eunglo hear
safi heart
iulso heavy
rifi help (assist)
loui high
iclu hit
eniin home, house
tine homework
xini honey
pakren horse
cuki hospital
lunsa hot
fannu hot
crelei hotel
aute hour (or equivalent)
suuo huge
aenfrun human
proplaur hungry
icleo hunt
oplae husband
aonia ice
urklo insect
ukrou interested
iapi iron
uirjeul island
xounvil jacket
efi juice
aolklu jump
uaia kick
tilui kill
pilfe kind, type, sort
olneu king
cese kiss
mera knee
furmu knife
fulma know
karo lake
neklar lamb
finii last
untlu late
iljle laugh
tleirvle leaf
preilploil learn
eixo leave
ellar left
ploeual leg
loma lend
luxo let
iefu letter (written message)
ulu library
clounal lie
terci lie, to recline
tiflel life
pinsa light
cixe light
rouu lightweight
cirku like (doesn't need to be expressed by a verb)
ounxo lion
xilu listen
pilxo little boy
iilfu little girl
tuua little, small
iolli live
aroe long
prelsoi look
laupeu look
kuue lose
algroe lose
flalfoir love
tunto low
nolcloin lunch
oefoen magazine
forso make (cause to be)
cirgu make (create)
tali man
niie marry
porjeun mean
oerflon meat
ungu meet
uefa meeting
punmi messy (of hair)
xake metal
sulpu middle
xorsa milk
canci mirror
xonre miss
eflar money
fiku monkey
iljril month
lese moon
ianli morning
xurfle mother
rafa motorcycle
cufa mountain
siri mouse
iangren mouth
prourdaer move
uefu movie, film
rone music
uile nail
iuua name
soikeo narrow
creploe neck
ourcleol need
api neighbor
iolce new
porpa newspaper
nuke night
larxu nose
elso nut
xeiu ocean, sea
moxe old
sinu old
ceklun onion
iolmo open
nenial orange
xurmu orange
iorpu paint (a house, etc.)
larkraur pair, couple
iiku pants
uese paper
tema parents
ueni park
tufu party
kille pay
tome pen
eolpin pencil
nurka pepper (Capsicum)
leirjrai person, people
riro photograph
nonro piano
cermo pick
uone picture
rurcran pie
silme pig
einflen pink
uirsi place
xenplen plant
soxe plant
iolo play
feue play (an instrument)
ainjro poor
olgo pork
iofe potato
iman president or prime minister, whichever your connation has
flifil priest
furi prince
suxu princess
lulue proud
ierlu pull
natu purple
onau push
loso put
xuno queen
tulxi rabbit
suni race
nanvloi radio
mirxe rain
oerga red
teii refrigerator
pracer reply, to answer
neriu request, to ask for/that
solko restaurant
oukroir restroom
elbau return
afil rice
ienka rich
numo ride (a bicycle, a camel, etc.)
orflan right
xuxe right, correct
cralkoel ring, piercing
aurlo river
tentu road
ecran rock, stone
iaolxo room
falkrai root
flinui rope
koro rose
uunii rotten
leimo rough
surfin round
menia rub
roki run
cipa sad
temi sailor
efun salad
sirne salt
otlao same
lepo sand
falti sauce
cino say
iorto school
caonpal scientist
una scratch
tika see
lantu seed
anla seem, to appear to be
xamu sell
iure send
klaerpror shadow
cefe shake
icrin shallow
proplo share
cirpi sharp
kolku shatter
oetu sheep
morto shell
iufro ship
kota shirt
olkol shoe
tleinflaun shoot
uklul short
falne short (height)
orjo shorts
xuxu shoulder
xufa show
iunbleun shower
flafin sign
tonca silver
urxol sing
lanfi sink
creluor sister
lunu sit
tleungun skateboard
funpe skin
longur skirt
runie sky
recu sleep
creiful slow
irpla smell
clourxoe smell
iaklair smile
enuun smoke
culvle smooth
ouxu snake
uaca snow
kato soap
peta sock
silno soft
fefa soil, dirt
corxa soldier
ruku son
uuxa song
flaotlal sorry
tarua sound
xorti sound
tutur soup
irpoe space
rerfa speak, to talk
losi spear
neliu spider
souu spit
xerce split
orcleol spring
uelbran squash, to crush
aecrir squeeze
uepron stab
ankli stand
xouo star
sanli stay, to remain, to keep
uiuo steal
uolku stick
neri stop, to end
icri store, shop
kilo straight
merkan straight (hair)
filcu street
craci striped
peiu student
lora suck
ofi sugar
fultu summer
ploncol sun
mufo sunglasses
iurio surprised
tato swallow
pisa sweat, to perspire
kloirga swell
tuna swim
areu system
trirfroul T-shirt
porpu table
xume tail
ikrer take
plifro take (a photo)
parmi tall
aclu tap (on the shoulder)
tarse taste
iolte taste
iaxo taxi
xucran teach
aenseor teacher
cirru team
opoul tear
unuan tear
ceuroi teen, adolescent
fruploe telephone, phone
eulvil television, TV
licu tell
lenki test, exam
unglil thank
fanie thick
treordle thin
iirue thing
kroseu think
uusa thirsty
iotu throw
mirui time
noke tiny
xuci tired
tlaolcu toe
sule tomato
nekeil tongue
tomi tooth
corle top
uioun touch
uanie tower
clitoil train
riuu tree
xexo trip
milno truck
aunraon try, to attempt
pulta turn
neltro ugly
kaua understand, to see
ferie urinate, to pee, to piss, to make water, to take a leak
casi use
pafo vacation (US)/holiday (UK)
celsa valley
pimo vegetable
enple vomit, to throw up, to puke
sari wagon
kloxun wait
sarie waiter/waitress/server
koio wake up
apren walk
pori wall
corpi want, would like
utroin war
eprae warm
oilbrau warrior
tira wash
cerru watch
xendlen watch
xapa water
punfi wavy
friljrai way
uprau wear
kifo wedding
mepi week
tanmu wet
calci wheel
ifro white
fleinproen wide
fleltler wife
afrar win
tleltrai wind
ruro window
urglaun wing
sallu winter
mulce wipe
xako woman
xixu wonder
pirlo wood
lanle word
papi work
carpla world
aiul worm
nirgron write
reoial wrong
frereu yawn
tose year
lelii yellow
ralsi young
eful
uino
uincu
aulceur
eorsar
ualka
fonbroe
tuni
undroin
aira
mimu
uaxi
lartu
onflul
klurdra
nuuo
flolrael
eljraer
fante
mola
terxe
ocreo
melpo
ferui
iaua
comu
sullo
froefrae
uomo
pinmi
uuto
oeuil
lounlur
uallo
eopun
kuxa
capu
mirle
xifi
olrul
maue
senmu
craunvon
iete
xilca
xoni
lunfe
flindri
kruclu
urvler
surte
lone
femi
leiu
paka
sifa
oinnal
feinjla
leplor
luniu
infon
taiu
nului
olbi
eran
acur
saku
omoel
plorklo
tlinjai
kance
plutreil
sirua
panfe
salun
fale
ecri
eotlo
tlukleo
kroekra
auplaur
filuul
oilvlil
aclal
clekan
uljro
auoir
utro
larri
ikon
sorui
larua
toinuou
anprau
xatu
siue
xerxu
lotu
moue
tilli
plounploe
tlaoseo
faoril
rufo
ervrae
leruu
triprar
ieukrul
poria
purpe
monre
aldour
turtri
flopu
xoplen
mirua
creorgroe
paurplan
kirmi
filu
iimu
krarclur
lirfi
uce
ruci
mife
punu
xarue
klilda
eulni
moniu
otloel
peonkrir
xeltlon
pepi
praolren
lixi
enjloen
oerpreu
auclein
xoxo
irgu
pane
ruti
meser
claolin
erclei
kosa
anfrein
alblor
lullu
oenmen
reirvor
xuse
fifo
toeuar
nosi
urbreon
rapu
anjlen
nonma
iilme
lelto
flaulpail
nina
onu
fana
iisi
ritril
meso
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
Still one lang
There are two sets of vowels:
short: ä, e, i, ɨ~ɘ, o, u, äi, ei, ɨi~ɘi, oi, äu, eu, ɨu~ɘu, ou
long: ä:, e:, i:, ɨ:~ɘ:, o:, u:, äe, e:, ɘe, oe, äo, eo, ɘo, o:
t k
b~ʙ d~ɾ
β ɹ j ɻ ɣ
s ʃ h
m (pm) n (tn) ŋ* (kŋ*)
l (tl) ʟ* (kʟ*)
*in coda only
The status of the prestopped nasals and laterals will be analysed later. Probably they are just the long version of the corresponding consonants.
Lengthening is usually a morphological process.
There are two sets of vowels:
short: ä, e, i, ɨ~ɘ, o, u, äi, ei, ɨi~ɘi, oi, äu, eu, ɨu~ɘu, ou
long: ä:, e:, i:, ɨ:~ɘ:, o:, u:, äe, e:, ɘe, oe, äo, eo, ɘo, o:
t k
b~ʙ d~ɾ
β ɹ j ɻ ɣ
s ʃ h
m (pm) n (tn) ŋ* (kŋ*)
l (tl) ʟ* (kʟ*)
*in coda only
The status of the prestopped nasals and laterals will be analysed later. Probably they are just the long version of the corresponding consonants.
Lengthening is usually a morphological process.
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
Yokpir (Cyrillic гöкпир) [jøʔ'pʲir]
A lang inspired by "Altaic". I imagine it being spoken somewhere near Lake Baikal.
Non-reduced vowels:
y i ɨ u
ø e ɘ o
[œ] ɛ ɑ ɒ
Reduced vowel:
ə
There is a harmony among non-reduced vowels. The first vowel of the word determines if the other vowels are back or front and partially if they are rounded or not. [œ] does not appear in first syllables, so it is not phonemic but a kindof front allophone of /ɒ/.
In first syllables, the vowels are written:
/i y ɨ u/ <и ӱ ы у>
/e ø ɘ o/ <е ӧ ӗ о>
/ɛ (œ) ɑ ɒ/ <ӓ - а ӑ>
In the other syllables, the dots are removed.
/i y ɨ u/ <и у ы у>
/e ø ɘ o/ <е о ӗ о>
/ɛ (œ) ɑ ɒ/ <a ӑ а ӑ>
The reduced vowel is written with yers ь and ъ.
Yokpir vowels are:
pʰ tʲʰ tˠʰ kʲʰ qʰ
p tʲ tˠ kʲ q
m nʲ nˠ
r
sʲ sˠ ɬʲ ɬˠ ʃ ç χ
β j ʁ
Historically, there was complementary distribution between palatalized and velarized/uvular consonants. Loan words and some sound changes, however, broke the system and palatalization/velarization became phonemic.
Yokpir syllable structure is simple (C)V(C). Some vowels do not appear in coda.
Onset labials
/p m β/ do not have phonemic palatalization. They are palatalized before front vowels and velarized before back vowels. Before the reduced vowel or word-finally, they have neither secondary articulation.
In onset, they are written <п м в>.
ʃ
/ʃ/ is also neutral for palatalization and velarization. It is written <ш>.
Onset dentals
All dentals /tʲ tˠ nʲ nˠ sʲ sˠ ɬʲ ɬˠ r r/ have a phonemic contrast between palatalization and velarization. The palatalized dentals can appear before all vowels. The velarized dentals appear before back vowels only.
Palatalized dentals are written <т н с л р> before front vowels, and <ть нь сь ль рь> fefore back vowels.
Velarized dentals are written <т н с л р> before back vowels.
Onset dorsals
Dorsals /kʲ q ç χ j ʁ/ can all appear before all vowels. Voiceless uvulars do not however appear after closed vowels.
Before front vowels, they are written <к къ х хъ г гъ>.
Before back vowels, they are written <кь к хь х гь г>.
Reduced syllable
A reduced syllable has schwa as its vowel and has no coda. The first or last syllable of a word cannot be reduced. All consonants but aspirates can be its onset. Voiceless consonants are voiced in a reduced syllable.
The scwa is written <ь> after palatalized consonants and <ъ> after other consonants.
The allophonic voicing of / p t k s ʃ X/ is witten <б д ґ з ж г>.
Word-internal coda
The phonemic distinction between palatalized and velarized/uvularal consonants is lost in coda. It is assimilated with that of the onset of the following syllable. Aspiration is also lost. Nasals also assimilate with the following consonant in POA. Before a voiceless consonant, sonorants are devoiced. The consonants appearing in coda are: /ʔ N s ɬ ʃ X r/.
Absolute coda
The following consonants can appear in absolute coda.
A lang inspired by "Altaic". I imagine it being spoken somewhere near Lake Baikal.
Non-reduced vowels:
y i ɨ u
ø e ɘ o
[œ] ɛ ɑ ɒ
Reduced vowel:
ə
There is a harmony among non-reduced vowels. The first vowel of the word determines if the other vowels are back or front and partially if they are rounded or not. [œ] does not appear in first syllables, so it is not phonemic but a kindof front allophone of /ɒ/.
In first syllables, the vowels are written:
/i y ɨ u/ <и ӱ ы у>
/e ø ɘ o/ <е ӧ ӗ о>
/ɛ (œ) ɑ ɒ/ <ӓ - а ӑ>
In the other syllables, the dots are removed.
/i y ɨ u/ <и у ы у>
/e ø ɘ o/ <е о ӗ о>
/ɛ (œ) ɑ ɒ/ <a ӑ а ӑ>
The reduced vowel is written with yers ь and ъ.
Yokpir vowels are:
pʰ tʲʰ tˠʰ kʲʰ qʰ
p tʲ tˠ kʲ q
m nʲ nˠ
r
sʲ sˠ ɬʲ ɬˠ ʃ ç χ
β j ʁ
Historically, there was complementary distribution between palatalized and velarized/uvular consonants. Loan words and some sound changes, however, broke the system and palatalization/velarization became phonemic.
Yokpir syllable structure is simple (C)V(C). Some vowels do not appear in coda.
Onset labials
/p m β/ do not have phonemic palatalization. They are palatalized before front vowels and velarized before back vowels. Before the reduced vowel or word-finally, they have neither secondary articulation.
In onset, they are written <п м в>.
ʃ
/ʃ/ is also neutral for palatalization and velarization. It is written <ш>.
Onset dentals
All dentals /tʲ tˠ nʲ nˠ sʲ sˠ ɬʲ ɬˠ r r/ have a phonemic contrast between palatalization and velarization. The palatalized dentals can appear before all vowels. The velarized dentals appear before back vowels only.
Palatalized dentals are written <т н с л р> before front vowels, and <ть нь сь ль рь> fefore back vowels.
Velarized dentals are written <т н с л р> before back vowels.
Onset dorsals
Dorsals /kʲ q ç χ j ʁ/ can all appear before all vowels. Voiceless uvulars do not however appear after closed vowels.
Before front vowels, they are written <к къ х хъ г гъ>.
Before back vowels, they are written <кь к хь х гь г>.
Reduced syllable
A reduced syllable has schwa as its vowel and has no coda. The first or last syllable of a word cannot be reduced. All consonants but aspirates can be its onset. Voiceless consonants are voiced in a reduced syllable.
The scwa is written <ь> after palatalized consonants and <ъ> after other consonants.
The allophonic voicing of / p t k s ʃ X/ is witten <б д ґ з ж г>.
Word-internal coda
The phonemic distinction between palatalized and velarized/uvularal consonants is lost in coda. It is assimilated with that of the onset of the following syllable. Aspiration is also lost. Nasals also assimilate with the following consonant in POA. Before a voiceless consonant, sonorants are devoiced. The consonants appearing in coda are: /ʔ N s ɬ ʃ X r/.
Absolute coda
The following consonants can appear in absolute coda.
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
Idea of an IE lang
Probaly somewhere in Transylvania (some Balkanisms)
Four tenses (no aspect distinctions)
Present (regular verbs: root)
Past (regular verbs: reduplicated "perfect" stem)
Pluperfect (This is still problematic. I'd like it to be synthetic anyways. )
Future (Probably derived from "optative" with -i)
Nouns could have Hungarian-style agglutinative cases.
Preliminary phonology
p t c͡ç k <p t kj k>
b d g~ɣ~ɦ (g) <b d h (g)>
t͡s t͡ɕ <c cj>
d͡ʑ <g/gj>
f s ɕ <f s sj>
v z ʑ <v z zj>
l r j <l r j>
i u <i u>
e o <e o>
ɛ ɔ <ae/æ ao>
ä <a>
Vowels have a length distinction and there could be a simplish pitch accent.
Centum - velars palatalized after front vowels, labialized velars delabialized (much like Romance)
Probably a Indo-Iranian vowel system *a/*e/*o -> a, *a:/*e:/*o: -> a:, later a: -> ɛ / ɔ (depending on preceding vowel (umlaut))
New vowel length is gained by compensatory lengthening.
Probaly somewhere in Transylvania (some Balkanisms)
Four tenses (no aspect distinctions)
Present (regular verbs: root)
Past (regular verbs: reduplicated "perfect" stem)
Pluperfect (This is still problematic. I'd like it to be synthetic anyways. )
Future (Probably derived from "optative" with -i)
Nouns could have Hungarian-style agglutinative cases.
Preliminary phonology
p t c͡ç k <p t kj k>
b d g~ɣ~ɦ (g) <b d h (g)>
t͡s t͡ɕ <c cj>
d͡ʑ <g/gj>
f s ɕ <f s sj>
v z ʑ <v z zj>
l r j <l r j>
i u <i u>
e o <e o>
ɛ ɔ <ae/æ ao>
ä <a>
Vowels have a length distinction and there could be a simplish pitch accent.
New vowel length is gained by compensatory lengthening.
Last edited by Omzinesý on 20 Jan 2022 16:18, edited 1 time in total.
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
Some developments of consonants for the IE lang in the message above.
The "plain stops" experience a diphthongization like that of Grimm's law or High-German consonant shift.
*p => p͡f => f, *t => t͡s, *k => k͡x, *kʷ => ?
The other two seris are merged as in Slavic but they become voiceless.
*b/*bh => p, *d/*dh => t, *g/*gh => k, *g/*gh => kʷ
There is a palatalization process like that of West-Romance. The palatalized versions of velars are distinct. One is a spirant affricate and the other is a sibilant affricate.
k͡x => c͡ç /_V[+front]
k => t͡ʃ /_V[+front]
The non-palatalized velars are merged. The labialized velars also become /k/.
kʷ => k
k͡x => k
The system end up being something like this.
p t k
t͡s t͡ʃ c͡ç
f s
m n
l r
j w
Later all obstruents develop phonemic voiced pairs through several roads.
[prä:r˩˥] 'brother'
[fä:r˩˥] 'father'
[te:d˥˩] 'tooth'
The "plain stops" experience a diphthongization like that of Grimm's law or High-German consonant shift.
*p => p͡f => f, *t => t͡s, *k => k͡x, *kʷ => ?
The other two seris are merged as in Slavic but they become voiceless.
*b/*bh => p, *d/*dh => t, *g/*gh => k, *g/*gh => kʷ
There is a palatalization process like that of West-Romance. The palatalized versions of velars are distinct. One is a spirant affricate and the other is a sibilant affricate.
k͡x => c͡ç /_V[+front]
k => t͡ʃ /_V[+front]
The non-palatalized velars are merged. The labialized velars also become /k/.
kʷ => k
k͡x => k
The system end up being something like this.
p t k
t͡s t͡ʃ c͡ç
f s
m n
l r
j w
Later all obstruents develop phonemic voiced pairs through several roads.
[prä:r˩˥] 'brother'
[fä:r˩˥] 'father'
[te:d˥˩] 'tooth'
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
I think it could still be Satem.Omzinesý wrote: ↑17 Jan 2022 10:24 Some developments of consonants for the IE lang in the message above.
The "plain stops" experience a diphthongization like that of Grimm's law or High-German consonant shift.
*p => p͡f => f, *t => t͡s, *k => k͡x, *kʷ => ?
The other two seris are merged as in Slavic but they become voiceless.
*b/*bh => p, *d/*dh => t, *g/*gh => k, *g/*gh => kʷ
There is a palatalization process like that of West-Romance. The palatalized versions of velars are distinct. One is a spirant affricate and the other is a sibilant affricate.
k͡x => c͡ç /_V[+front]
k => t͡ʃ /_V[+front]
The non-palatalized velars are merged. The labialized velars also become /k/.
kʷ => k
k͡x => k
The system end up being something like this.
p t k
t͡s t͡ʃ c͡ç
f s
m n
l r
j w
Later all obstruents develop phonemic voiced pairs through several roads.
[prä:r˩˥] 'brother'
[fä:r˩˥] 'father'
[te:d˥˩] 'tooth'
kj => S
gj and ghj => tS
So there are only two velars
k => kx
g and gh => k
Before front vowels and /j/, the velars palalize, creating c͡ç and kj.
So the palatalized velars can appear before any vowel, while the non-palatalized velars only appear before front back vowel.
Later, the non-palatalized velars are lenited to /h/ (as in Hungarian).
Palatalization of velars, thus, stops being distinctive, and in "back" environments they are depalatalized.
*gwen => gen (satem) > gan (merger of the vowels) => kan (devoicing) => han 'woman' (lenition of vowels)
*gjhmo:n => t͡ʃamɔ 'man'
t͡ʃamɔ, like all words in the nasal declension, is interesting.
SG
NOM t͡ʃamɔ 'man'
ACC t͡ʃamɔn (n-stem)
PL
NOM t͡ʃamani 'people'
ACC t͡ʃamanin
PL
NOM t͡ʃamɔni 'men'
ACC t͡ʃamɔnin
t͡ʃamani is the etymological plural.
t͡ʃamɔni is analogical, as well as the SG.ACC t͡ʃamɔn that should be t͡ʃaman without analogy.
Edit: There could also be a kind of Verner's law:
*pa'ter => fazr => fàr 'father'
*'brater => prasr => prár 'brother'
*pa'ter => fazr => fàr 'father'
*'brater => prasr => prár 'brother'
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
I remembered my old project which wasn't an IE lang in the beginning but which was implicitly inspired by IE.
I think I could make it a lost IE branch that is spoken somewhere on the border of Hungary (yes, again!) and Czech.
- avoids closed syllables, has very heavy onsets
- modern language has stress on the first syllable, but in earlier stages has lost many initial vowels
equus => hvu
aqua => ha
- Two genders: animate and inanimate (mostly based on biology) that are presented in pronouns (also adjectival pronouns)
- Three cases: Nom, Acc, Dat (accusatives differ by definiteness)
I think I could make it a lost IE branch that is spoken somewhere on the border of Hungary (yes, again!) and Czech.
- avoids closed syllables, has very heavy onsets
- modern language has stress on the first syllable, but in earlier stages has lost many initial vowels
equus => hvu
aqua => ha
- Two genders: animate and inanimate (mostly based on biology) that are presented in pronouns (also adjectival pronouns)
- Three cases: Nom, Acc, Dat (accusatives differ by definiteness)
Code: Select all
NOM -a, -u, -i
ACC.INDEF -á, -ú, -í (from -Vm => long nasal vowel => long vowel)
ACC.DEF -ó, ó, é (analogical between indefinite accusative and dative)
DAT -o, -o, -e (<= -ai, -oi, -ii)
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
During the first biking trip of the spring, I thought about a new IE lang, once again.
Based on this viewtopic.php?p=315128#p315128
Centum
Lacks s-mobile
- It merges all MOAs of stops (d/t/dh -> t)
- p -> f
- kw -> p
- Stops preceding front vowels are voiced
- t -> z
- basically all clusters stop+r -> ts
Three cases, three numbers
Sg Dual Pl
Nom viz vizu vizi 'person'
Acc vizen vizun vizin
Gen vize vizve vizje
Two genders: Animate and Inanimate
- adjectives modifying Animate nouns take suffix -s
Verbs have two aspects
Imperfective (present) (Prefixes can be added to form past and future forms, but the present form works in all tenses.)
Sg1 gramatan 'I write'
Sg2 gramatas
3th gramata
Pl1 gramatamo
Pl2 gramatato
Past perfective
Sg1 sun gramatat
Sg2 sus gramatat
3th gramatat
Pl1 esmo gramatat
Pl2 esto gramatat
Future perfective
Sg1 sun gramatak
Sg2 sus gramatak
3th gramatak
Pl1 esmo gramatak
Pl2 esto gramatak
Based on this viewtopic.php?p=315128#p315128
Centum
Lacks s-mobile
- It merges all MOAs of stops (d/t/dh -> t)
- p -> f
- kw -> p
- Stops preceding front vowels are voiced
- t -> z
- basically all clusters stop+r -> ts
Three cases, three numbers
Sg Dual Pl
Nom viz vizu vizi 'person'
Acc vizen vizun vizin
Gen vize vizve vizje
Two genders: Animate and Inanimate
- adjectives modifying Animate nouns take suffix -s
Verbs have two aspects
Imperfective (present) (Prefixes can be added to form past and future forms, but the present form works in all tenses.)
Sg1 gramatan 'I write'
Sg2 gramatas
3th gramata
Pl1 gramatamo
Pl2 gramatato
Past perfective
Sg1 sun gramatat
Sg2 sus gramatat
3th gramatat
Pl1 esmo gramatat
Pl2 esto gramatat
Future perfective
Sg1 sun gramatak
Sg2 sus gramatak
3th gramatak
Pl1 esmo gramatak
Pl2 esto gramatak
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760
Re: Omzinian Scrap thread
p t c k
b d ɟ g
f θ̙ ç x
s ʃ
m n ɲ
l ʎ
Intervocally, voiced stops and voiceless fricatives merge and lenite to voiced fricatives [v ɹ ʝ ɣ]. Sibilants are also voiced to [z ʒ].
i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a
The only allowed consonant clusters are {f s ʃ} + stop/fricative/nasal.
Otherwise, the phonotactics is CV.
Most of morphology is made with tones and vowel length.
All vowels can have either high or low tone.
All vowels can be either short or long.
Bisyllabic word must have one long vowel, either CV:CV, CVCV:, or CV:CV:. The language does not have stress.
b d ɟ g
f θ̙ ç x
s ʃ
m n ɲ
l ʎ
Intervocally, voiced stops and voiceless fricatives merge and lenite to voiced fricatives [v ɹ ʝ ɣ]. Sibilants are also voiced to [z ʒ].
i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a
The only allowed consonant clusters are {f s ʃ} + stop/fricative/nasal.
Otherwise, the phonotactics is CV.
Most of morphology is made with tones and vowel length.
All vowels can have either high or low tone.
All vowels can be either short or long.
Bisyllabic word must have one long vowel, either CV:CV, CVCV:, or CV:CV:. The language does not have stress.
My meta-thread: viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5760