I haven't posted in a while, but have been making BTS updates. I wanted to show a full update to the verbal template.
Template form:
number-person-tense-ROOT-polarity-modality-aspect-voice-adjective-clause
Number:
/a=/: SUBJ.PLR.
/o=/: OBJ.PLR.
/ẽ=/: DUAL.PLR.
•/a/ works with transitive and intransitive verbs.
•/o ẽ/ work with transitive verbs only.
•these are clitics, thus cannot act without pronouns.
Intransitive Pronouns:
/we-/: 1p ("I")
/le-/: 2p ("you")
/ka-/: 3m ("he")
/xa-/: 3f ("she")
/jo-/: 4p ("one/it")
Transitive Pronouns:
Code: Select all
1p 2p 3m 3f 4p
1p wi- pi- hi- pu-
2p li- ti- θi- tu-
3m pe- te- ke- k'e- ko-
3f he- θe- x'e- xe- xo-
4p bu- du- go- γo- ju-
•/pu tu ko xo/ are used most, implying something done to other things, animate or not, *by* humans.
•/bu du go ɣo/ are used for something is done *to* humans, most often pertaining to a living thing.
•/ju/ is used when something non-human does something to another non-human.
Tense:
/s=/:
intransitive immediate past ("just did")
/is=/:
intransitive recent past ("recently did")
/es=/:
intransitive remote past ("did a long time ago")
/ʃ=/:
intransitive immediate future ("be about to do")
/iʃ=/:
intransitive recent future ("will do soon")
/eʃ=/:
intransitive remote future ("will do in a while")
•these go *before* intransitive pronouns.
/-zi-/:
transitive immediate past ("just did to")
/-ze-/:
transitive recent past ("recently did to")
/-za-/:
transitive remote past ("did to a long time ago")
/-d͡ʒi-/:
transitive immediate future ("be about to do to")
/-d͡ʒe-/:
transitive recent future ("will do to soon")
/-d͡ʒa-/
transitive remote future ("will do to in a while")
•these go *after* transitive pronouns.
•the full syllable form is used with inanimate 4p verbs.
•3f.INTRNS.IMM.PST and 3f.INTRNS.IMM.FUT are /s'a-/ and
/ʃ'a-/; other forms follow this pattern, ex. /is'a-/.
•4p.INTRNS.IMM.PST and 4p.INTRNS.IMM.FUT are /skwe-/ and /ʃkwe-/; other forms follow this pattern, ex. /eskwe-/.
•/is= iʃ= es= eʃ=/ with plural /a=/ render /i̯es= i̯eʃ= e̯as= e̯aʃ=/.
ROOT
Polarity:
/-k(u)-/:
negation ("not")
•fuses with modality, aspect, and voice slots.
•all alternative forms exist below; they reflect that morpheme collapsed down to it with no other intervening slot.
•once activated, all slot forms after are affirmative.
Modality:
/-Ø/:
imperative ("do...!")
/-ku-Ø/: ("don't...!")
/-ma~wã-/:
interrogative ("do...?)
/-kmo~go̯ã-/: ("don't...?")
/-na~lã-/:
emphatic ("DO...!")
/-kno~glõ-/: ("DON'T...!")
/-mna~blã-/:
interrogative emphatic ("DO...?")
/-kmona~go̯ana-/ ("DON'T...?")
/-ðã-/:
capacitive ("can...")
/-ksõ-/ ("cannot...")
/-sma~swã-/: ("can...?")
/-ksoma-/ ("can't...?")
/-sna~slã-/:
obligative ("must...")
/-ksona-/: ("mustn't...")
/-smana~swana-/: ("must...?")
/-ksomna-/ ("mustn't...?")
/-ʒã-/:
desiderative ("want...")
/-k(t)ʃõ-/ ("don't want...")
/-ʃma~ʃwã-/: ("want...?")
/-k(t)ʃoma-/ ("don't want...?")
/-ʃna~ʃlã-/:
necessitative ("need...")
/-k(t)ʃona-/: ("needn't...")
/-ʃmana~ʃwana-/: ("need...?")
/-k(t)ʃomna-/ ("don't need...?)
/-ŋa~jã-/:
conditional ("would...")
/-(c)çõ-/ ("wouldn't...")
/-kma~gwã-/: ("would...?")
/-(c)çoma-/ ("wouldn't...?")
/-kna~glã-/:
exhortative ("should...")
/-(c)çona-/ ("shouldn't...")
/-kmana~gwana-/: ("should...?")
/-(c)çomna-/ ("shouldn't...?")
/-ksã-/:
conditional capacitive ("would be able...")
/-(c)çõðã-/ ("wouldn't be able...")
/-ksama-/: ("would be able...?")
/-(c)çosma-/ ("wouldn't be able...?")
/-ksana-/:
conditional obligative ("would have to...")
/-(c)çosna-/ ("wouldn't have to...")
/-ksamna-/: ("would have to...?")
/-(c)çosmena-/ ("wouldn't have to...?")
/-k(t)ʃã-/:
conditional desiderative ("would want...")
/-(c)çõʒã-/ ("wouldn't want...")
/-k(t)ʃama-/: ("would want...?")
/-(c)çoʃma-/ ("wouldn't want...?")
/-k(t)ʃana-/:
conditional necessitative ("would need...")
/-(c)çoʃna-/ ("wouldn't need...")
/-k(t)ʃamna-/: ("would need...?")
/-(c)çoʃmena-/ ("wouldn't need...?")
/-ʔã-/:
hypothetical ("might...")
/-k'õ-/ ("might not...")
/-xma~(p)ɸã-/: ("might...?")
/-k'oma-/ ("might not...?")
/-xna~(t)ɬã-/:
potential ("may...")
/-k'ona-/ ("may not...")
/-xmana~(p)ɸana-/: ("may...?")
/-k'omna-/ ("may not...?")
/-st͡sã-/:
hypothetical capacitive ("might be able...")
/-k'õðã-/ ("might not be able...")
/-st͡sama-/: ("might be able...?")
/-k'osma-/ ("might not be able...?")
/-st͡sana-/:
hypothetical obligative ("might have to...")
/-k'osna-/ ("might not have to...")
/-st͡samna-/: ("might have to...?")
/-k'osmena-/ ("might not have to...?")
/-ʃt͡ʃã-/:
hypothetical desiderative ("might want...")
/-k'õʒã-/ ("might not want...")
/-ʃt͡ʃama-/: ("might want...?")
/-k'oʃma-/ ("might not want...?")
/-ʃt͡ʃana-/:
hypothetical necessitative ("might need...")
/-k'oʃna-/ ("might not need...")
/-ʃt͡ʃamna-/: ("might need...?")
/-k'oʃmena-/ ("might not need...?")
•allomorphs derive from dissimilation of morphemes in direct proximity to a root ending in a nasal vowel.
Aspect:
/-x(i)-/:
perfect ("have done")
/-k'u-/: ("not have done")
/-(t)ʃ(i)-/:
habitual ("do often")
/-kʃu-/: ("not do often")
/-s(i)-/:
continuous ("keep doing")
/-ksu-/: ("not keep doing")
Voice:
/-ka-/:
causative ("cause to do")
/-k'o-/: ("not cause to do")
/-ta-/:
passive ("be done to")
/-kto-/: ("not be done to")
/-pa-/:
reflexive ("do to oneself")
/-kpo-/: ("not do to oneself")
/-kta-/:
passive causative ("be caused to do")
/-k'ota-/: ("not be caused to do")
/-kpa-/:
reflexive causative ("cause to do to oneself")
/-k'opa-/: ("not cause to do to oneself")
•in similar fashion with negation, this slot fuses with aspect to render forms /-sCe- -ʃCe- -xCe-/.
Adjective:
•this is a slot for stative verbs, creating adverbs.
Clausal Conjuction (Skasti "comma"):
/-jo/: "that (which)"
•this ends a clausal phrase, allowing the break for the next.
•allows higher constructions of verbal phrases.
•is the slot for morphemes like, 'so' or 'although.'
