Random phonology/phonemic inventory thread

[thethief3]

*ᵐb *ⁿd *ᵑɡ
*p *t *k
*ⁿz
*s *h
*w *r *j
*m *n

Allophony is minimal but velars, *s and *n are believed to be palatised before *i and dental stops are palatised before *i and *u or perhaps just *i
*h is *ɸ before *u and *ç before *i

*i *u
*e *o
*a

Pitch accent with up two one syllable stressed some compound words have multiple syllables stressed.

CVN syllable structure maximally with vowel clusters appearing sometimes

[thethief3]

And the language that influences it sorta similar to chinese and japanese.

*b *d *g
*p *t *k
*ts
*s *h
*w *r *j
*m *n

Thinking about it now they have nearly identical phonologies

*i *u
*e *ə *o
*a

Any vowel can be long with long vowels being marked by a macron. CVC syllable structure maximally with vowel hiatus disallowed

[Omzinesý]

consonants:
p t k ʔ
ɾ ɟ
s h
m n ŋ
m̰ n̰ ŋ̰
ɹ j w
ɹ̰ j̰ w̰

monophthongs:
i u
e o
ä

diphthongs:
wi
we
wä
ai ei oi
au eu ou
wäi wei

Phonotactics
Usually CV, but a consonantal person prefix can be added. Before them, plosives are lenited: p/k -> w, t -> ɹ,

[Porphyrogenitos]

Two more six-consonant ideas (both with just three vowels). The orthography for both is the same as the IPA symbols.

The first, rather inspired by Turkish:

/m n/
/p t k/
/s/

/i a u/

Phonotactics:

Maximally CVC, except word-finally where certain CC codas are permitted:

/mp nt nk mk/
/sp st sk/

Allophony:

All obstruents are voiced between two voiced segments.

/k/ (whether voiced or unvoiced) is palatalized before /i/ or in a coda after /i/.

Morphophonology:

A number of common affixes have two forms, one starting with /m/ or /n/, which appear after voiced segments, and one starting with /p/ or /t/, which appear after voiceless segments.

Suffixes participate in vowel harmony with /i/ and /u/.

Final clusters are epenthesized to avoid clusters of three consonants when affixes are added.

Examples:

kant + ma = kanitpa [kanitpa]
maki + ni = makini [maɟini]
nusuk + ni = nusukpu [nuzukpu]

The second, not as fleshed out, somewhat Algonquian-inspired (and stretching the bounds of typological believability by only having one unambiguous contrast between two consonants at the same PoA):

/m n/
/t k/
/w h/

/i a o/

Phonotactics:

The maximal syllable is CCVC.

Permissible word-initial clusters are:

/ht hk/
/hw mw nw tw kw/

Any single consonant may occur in the coda word-finally.

All word-initial clusters may occur medially, other permissible medial cluster include:

/mm nn tt kk/
/mmw nnw ttw kkw/
/hm hn/
/nhw ntw nkw/
/hmw hnw htw hkw/

[thethief3]

*b
*p *t *tʃ *k *ʔ
*pʰ *tʰ *kʰ
*t’ *k’
*θ *s *ʃ
*tɬ *ɬ *l
*w *ɾ *j
*w̰ *ɾ̰ *j̰
*m *n
*m̰ *n̰

*i *y *u
*ɛ *œ *ɔ
*a

*iu, *ui, *ɛi, *œy, *ɔu

Any vowel may be nasalised or low tone

CCVC syllable structure maximally
Words
(ma:) itɬ “wolf pup/bear cub”, jœy “puppy”, ʔũ: “to chase”, ɬœ̃: “fish”, θɛi “fox”, lui “to go”, (ta)sã: “to lead/moon”, ʃɛ̃:θɛ̃: “lid”, j̰ɔ: “to see”, nɛ: “to shine”, nɛ̃: “sun”, baa(wa) “ant/bee”, nɛiɾɛi “gold”, kɛi “copper”, θlɔ “to snow”, sɛbɛta: “scorpion”, pʰa “to rise”, pʰã: “dawn”, tʰɛi “good”, kʰɛ̀:nœy “plant”, mã: “wolf”, ɔlɛi “whale”, *jɛ “brother”, ɛtaθɛi “cattle”, kat “east”, ɬɛɬɛ “dog”, siri “mouth”, w̰akɾa “rice”, bɔ̀: “grave”, kũ̀ “light”, biɾɔu “mask”, ʔɔu “forest”, pʰĩ̀: “sharp/strong”, mɔ̀ù “to greet”, bɛtɔu “house”, bɛtʰɔ “bird”, ʔã: “to bow”, mɛ̃ĩ “to lie (on a back)”, ù: “to promise’’, tɔu “rock/stone”, ɛθũ “vaginal fluids”, ɛʔam “village”, pɔ̀ “to grab”, m̰i “comb”, n̰ikã: “to prosper”, ba: “wildcat”, *θku “weasel”, lɔ̃ʔã “to bite”, baɾ̰a “arm”, kɔ̀: “to sing”, θlutã “key”, kam “to be bright”, t’a:n “sky”, prana “to pray”, *kì: “to kiss”, θbɔ̃: “sword”, am̰ui “buttock”, ammɛ: “tail”

[Omzinesý]

p t c k
pf ts tɬ cɕ cʎ̊ kx
b d ɟ
ɓ ɗ ʄ
m n ɲ ŋ
mṼ nṼ ɲṼ ŋṼ
f s ɬ ɕ ʎ̊ x
z l ʑ ʎ
j

[Omzinesý]

Still nothing super new

p t c k
b d ɟ
ɓ ɗ ʄ
m n ɲ ŋ
r l ʎ
s ɕ
j w

The most complex syllable structure is CVCC.
Only allowed codas are the resonants m n ɲ ŋ r l ʎ j w.
The only allowed coda clusters are {r l ʎ j w} + {m n ɲ ŋ}.
Words like/arm.ma/ or /arm.ɓa/ are thus possible. Nasals assimilate with a following stop in POA.

[VaptuantaDoi]

Something silly

/m ŋ/
/β r/

/i u e o a/

(C)V

Hiatus repair: sequences /ia ua/ → [ida uba]
Aphaerisis: initial vowels lost in the environment #_CV, including #_[b,d]a
Metathesis: final CV undergoes metathesis when following CV
Vowel smoothing: VV simplifies between two consonants:

Code: Select all

    i-  u-  e-  o-  a-
-i  ʲi  ɨ   e   e   aj 
-u  ʲu  u   o   o   aw
-e  ʲe  e   e   ə   aj
-o  ʲo  o   ə   o   aw
-a  ʲa  o   a   a   a

Palatalisation: [mʲ ŋʲ βʲ rʲ bʲ dʲ] → [ŋ n ð zʲ ɡ dzʲ]
Syllable weighting: stress applied to syllables 1 and 3; any following consonant is lengthened, otherwise the vowel is
Geminate simplification: [mː ŋː nː] → [mp ŋk nt], [βː] → [ʙ], [ðː zʲː] → [θː sʲː], [bː dː dzʲː ɡː] → [pʰ tʰ tsʲʰ kʰ]
Other allophony: initial [b d dzʲ ɡ β ð zʲ] → [p t tsʲ k ɸ θ sʲ], hiatus repaired with [j w] following stressed vowels

Surface inventory is thus
[pʰ p b tʰ t d tsʲʰ tsʲ dzʲ kʰ k ɡ] <ph p b th t d tsh ts dz kh k g>
[m n ŋ] <m n ng>
[ɸ β θ θː ð sʲ sʲː zʲ] <f v c cc j s ss z>
[ʙ r rː j w] <br r rr y w>

[i ɨ u e ə o a aj aw] <i ï u e ë o a ay aw>

/ŋemo/ → [ŋeom] → [ˈŋəmp] ngëmp
/iaŋo/ → [idaŋo] → [daŋo] → [daoŋ] → [ˈtawŋ] tawng
/ei/ → [ˈeˑ.ji] eyi
/ia/ → [ida] → [da] → [ˈtaˑ] ta
/eiao/ → [eidao] → [ˈeˑ.ji.ˌdaˑ.wo] eyidawo
/uŋia/ → [uŋida] → [ŋida] → [ŋiad] → [ˈnatʰ] nath
/iare/ → [idare] → [dare] → [ˈtarːe] → tarre
/omi/ → [mi] → [ˈmiˑ] → mi
/aiai/ → [aidai] → [ˈaˑ.ji.ˌdaˑ.ji] → ayidayi
/iai/ → [idai] → [dai] → [ˈtaˑ.ji] → tayi
/ŋaβima/ → [ŋaβʲam] → [ˈŋaθːam] → ngaccam
/βiuŋua/ → [βiuŋuab] → [ˈðuŋkob] → [ˈθuŋkob] cunkob

Morphology makes some of this more obvious:

/uŋia/ → [ˈnatʰ] nath
/ma-uŋia/ → [ˈmawnad] mawnad
/uŋia-ria/ → [ˈŋitʰaˌzʲatʰ] ngithazath
/ma-uŋia-ria/ → [ˈmawŋiˌdazʲːad] mawngidazzad

/eŋaβu/ → [ˈŋawβ] ngawv
/erero-eŋaβu/ → [ˈrerːo.ˌweŋ.kawβ] rerrowenkawv
/eŋaβu-a/ → [ˈŋaʙːob] ngabrob
/erero-eŋaβu-a/ → [ˈrerːoˌeŋkaβob] rerroenkavob

Maybe I'll tone this down for an actual language.

[DesEsseintes]

Something sillycool

Love this!

[Omzinesý]

p t t͡ʃ k
b d d͡ʒ
ɓ ɗ ɗ͡ʒ
m n ɲ ŋ
mṼ nṼ ɲṼ ŋṼ
f s ɬ
v z ɮ~l r j ɰ (w)

y i u
ɜ
ɑ ɒ

"Nasal affricates", i.e. having a contrastive nasal vowel only after a nasal consonant, is an old idea of mine. It just does not seem to fit any lang.
/ɮ~l/: ɮ appears before (resonant) consonants; l appears before vowels.

Phonotactics
C1C2GVC3

C1 is an obstruent.
C2 is a resonant.
G is just /ɰ/, and it appears only after coronals and before front vowels. It should maybe be analysed as a velarising coarticulation of the consonant or as a diphthong.
C3 I don't know which consonants could appear in the coda.

V can be a single vowel or a diphthong of a non-closed vowel + a closed vowel. The non-closed vowel adapts to the POA of the closed on.
Distinctive vowel length might be possible.

There could be a pitch accent, probably like that of Swedish.
Words are supposed to be long and the lang is polysynthetic.

[Visions1]

/m n/
/p t k ʔ/
/s ɬ x/
/j w/

/a ʌ o i/ (or was it /a ʌ u i/. I can't remember.)
/á ʌ́ ó í/
phthongs and doubled vowels valid. /áʌ/ etc etc etc.

The language would have so many little modifiers - cases and TAM modifiers and negators and more, that could be stacked onto each other like legos to make complicated words. I have a list of them somewhere.

[prettydragoon]

k t p
kʰ tʰ pʰ
ŋ n m
s ɾ j w h

a i u
ã ĩ ũ
a˞ i˞ u˞

Syllable structure: (C)V

[Omzinesý]

I found https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Greek ... Consonants. I got inspired by its coarticulations.
I don't know how natural this consonant inventory is (outside the Caucasian languages where the coarticulations actually realize in vowels) but :) who cares.

pʷ p pʲ tʷ t tʲ t͡ʃ kʷ k c
bʷ b bʲ dʷ d dʲ d͡ʒ
ɓʷ ɓ ɓʲ ɗʷ ɗ ɗʲ ɗ͡ʒ
mʷ m mʲ nʷ n nʲ
sʷ s sʲ ʃ
zʷ z zʲ
lʷ l lʲ r
j ɰ w

[Creyeditor]

Thanks for the link. Really interesting

[Arayaz]

p t k kp ʔ <p t kp ɂ>
b d ɡ ɡb <b d g gb>
pʼ tʼ kʼ kpʼ <p’ t’ k’ kp’>
ɓ ɗ ɠ ɠɓ <b’ d’ g’ gb’>
m n ŋ ŋm <m n ŋ ŋm>
m̰ n̰ ŋ̰ ŋ̰m̰ <m’ n’ ŋ’ ŋm’>
ts tʂ <ts tṡ>
dz dȥ <dz dż>
s ʂ ħ <s ṡ h>
z ȥ <z ż>
(t)sʼ (t)ʂʼ <s’ ṡ’>
r~ɾ j w <r j w>
r̰ j̰ w̰ <r’ j’ w’>

i ḭ ɨ~ə ɨ̰~ə̰ u ṵ <i î y ŷ u û>
e ḛ o o̰ <ei êî ou ôû>
ɛ ɛ̰ ɔ ɔ̰ <e ê o ô>
æ æ̰ <a â>

+ high (⁴) vs. mid (³) vs. low (²) tone, indicated with ´ `, or < > after a vowel with a diacritic.

Example word: [dȥɨħæ̰²kpʼ], romanized dżyhâ>kp’

I've had a fairly bad cold recently, if you need some kind of explanation for all this.

[Shemtov]

Something for a language I might do when I have Classical Hanese more fleshed out:
/p b ɓ t d ɗ t͡s d͡z t͡s' t͡sʷ t͡sʷ' t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃ' t͡ʃʷ t͡ʃʷ' t͡ɬ t͡ɬ' k g k' kʷ kʷ' q q' qʷ ʔ ʔʲ ʔʷ/
/m n mʱ nʱ m̥ʰ n̥ʰ/
/θ ð s z ɬ ʃ ʒ ç ʝ χ ʁ χʷ ħ ʕ h ɦ/
/r rʱ r̥ʰ/
/l lʱ/
/j w/

/ʘ ʘʰ ᶢʘʱ ⁿʘ
ǀ ᶢǀ ǀʰ ᶢǀʱ ⁿǀ ⁿǀʱ
ǃ ᶢǃ ǃʰ ᶢǃʱ ⁿǃ ⁿǃʱ
ǁ ᶢǁ ǁʰ ᶢǁʱ ⁿǁ ⁿǁʱ
ǂ ᶢǂ ǂʰ ᶢǂʱ ⁿǂ ⁿǂʱ/

/i o a/
/i: o: a:/
/ai oi ao/

/˩ ˧ ˥ ˩˧ ˧˥ ˥˧ ˧˩ ˨˧˩ ˦˧˥/

[Shemtov]

Something for a language I might do when I have Classical Hanese more fleshed out:
/p b ɓ t d ɗ t͡s d͡z t͡s' t͡sʷ t͡sʷ' t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃ' t͡ʃʷ t͡ʃʷ' t͡ɬ t͡ɬ' k g k' kʷ kʷ' q q' qʷ ʔ ʔʲ ʔʷ/
/m n mʱ nʱ m̥ʰ n̥ʰ/
/θ ð s z ɬ ʃ ʒ ç ʝ χ ʁ χʷ ħ ʕ h ɦ/
/r rʱ r̥ʰ/
/l lʱ/
/j w/

/ʘ ʘʰ ᶢʘʱ ⁿʘ
ǀ ᶢǀ ǀʰ ᶢǀʱ ⁿǀ ⁿǀʱ
ǃ ᶢǃ ǃʰ ᶢǃʱ ⁿǃ ⁿǃʱ
ǁ ᶢǁ ǁʰ ᶢǁʱ ⁿǁ ⁿǁʱ
ǂ ᶢǂ ǂʰ ᶢǂʱ ⁿǂ ⁿǂʱ/

/i o a/
/i: o: a:/
/ai oi ao/

/˩ ˧ ˥ ˩˧ ˧˥ ˥˧ ˧˩ ˨˧˩ ˦˧˥/

UPDATED VERSION:
/p b ɓ t tʰ d ɗ t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z t͡s' t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ t͡ʃ' t͡ɬ t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ' k k͡x g k' kʷ kʷ' q q͡χ ʔ ʔʲ ʔʷ/
/m n mʱ nʱ m̥ʰ n̥ʰ/
/f θ ð s z ɬ ʃ ʒ ç ʝ χ ʁ χʷ ħ ʕ h ɦ/
/r rʱ r̥ʰ/
/l lʱ/
/j w/

/ǀ ᶢǀ ǀʰ ᶢǀʱ ⁿǀ ⁿǀʱ |'
ǃ ᶢǃ ǃʰ ᶢǃʱ ⁿǃ ⁿǃʱ ǃ'
ǁ ᶢǁ ǁʰ ᶢǁʱ ⁿǁ ⁿǁʱ ǁ'
ǂ ᶢǂ ǂʰ ᶢǂʱ ⁿǂ ⁿǂʱ ǂ' /

/i o a ə̃/
/i: o: a:/
/ai oi ao ə̃ĩ ə̃o/

/˩ ˧ ˥ ˩˧ ˧˥ ˥˧ ˧˩ ˨˧˩ ˦˧˥/

[Shemtov]

/p b ɓ t tʰ d ⁿd ɗ t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z ⁿd͡z t͡s' t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ t͡ʃ' ⁿd͡ʒ t͡ɬ t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ' k k͡x g k' kʷ kʷ' q q͡χ ʔ ʔʲ ʔʷ/
/m n mʱ m̥ʰ n nʱ n̥ʰ nʲ nʲʱ ŋ ŋʱ/
/f θ ð s z ɬ ʃ ʒ ç ʝ χ ʁ χʷ ħ ʕ h ɦ/
/r rʱ r̥ʰ rʲ rʲʱ/
/l lʱ lʲ lʲʱ/ <
/j w/

/ǀ ᶢǀ ǀʰ ᶢǀʱ ⁿǀ ⁿǀʱ |'/
/ǃ ᶢǃ ǃʰ ᶢǃʱ ⁿǃ ⁿǃʱ ǃ'/
/ǁ ᶢǁ ǁʰ ᶢǁʱ ⁿǁ ⁿǁʱ ǁ'/
/ǂ ᶢǂ ǂʰ ⁿǂ ǂ' /

/i e o a ɨ̃ ə̃/
/i: e: o: a:/
/ai oi ei ae ao eoɨ ə̃ĩ ə̃õ ə̃ẽ/


/˩ ˧ ˥ ˩˧ ˧˥ ˥˧ ˧˩/ (

[Creyeditor]

You have heard of extensive vowel syncope but have you heard of extensive consonant lenition elision (ECLE)?
Imagine a CV language and every other consonant is deleted. You could link this to stress. If every other vowel has (primary and then secondary) stress, counting from the right, then you could say a consonant is deleted if it precedes an unstressed vowel. Here are some examples of ECLE:

/'ka.ta/ -> [ka:] 'bus'
/kata/-/na/ -> /ka.'ta.na/ -> [ka.ta:] 'bus-DEF'
/kata/-/na/-/di/ -> /,ka.ta.'na.di/ -> [ka:.nai] 'bus-DEF-LOC'
/kata/-REDUPLICATION -> /,ka.ta.'ka.ta/ -> [ka:.ka:] 'bus-PL

[Omzinesý]

You have heard of extensive vowel syncope but have you heard of extensive consonant lenition elision (ECLE)?
Imagine a CV language and every other consonant is deleted. You could link this to stress. If every other vowel has (primary and then secondary) stress, counting from the right, then you could say a consonant is deleted if it precedes an unstressed vowel. Here are some examples of ECLE:

/'ka.ta/ -> [ka:] 'bus'
/kata/-/na/ -> /ka.'ta.na/ -> [ka.ta:] 'bus-DEF'
/kata/-/na/-/di/ -> /,ka.ta.'na.di/ -> [ka:.nai] 'bus-DEF-LOC'
/kata/-REDUPLICATION -> /,ka.ta.'ka.ta/ -> [ka:.ka:] 'bus-PL

As a productive system that wouldn't probably last very long. But as a morphophonological process that is very interesting. Maybe I'll cope that in a small extend.