Project Lamb
Posted: 09 Oct 2015 15:08
Phonology
Consonants:
/p t k/ [p t k]
/b d g/
/t͡s t͡ʃ/ [c č]
/d͡z d͡ʒ/ [dz dž]
/ɸ θ s ʃ x ħ/ [f th s š ḫ h]
/β ð z ʒ ɣ ʕ/ [v dh z ž x r]
/m n/ [m n]
/l/ [l]
/j w/ [j w]
Vowels:
/i ɨ u/
/e o/ [e o]
/ə/ [ə]
/a/ [a]
/iː ɨː uː/ [ii yy uu]
/eː oː/ [ee oo]
/ə/ [əə]
/aː/ [aa]
Phonotactics:
CRVCC
R = /ħ ʕ l j w/
Accent:
Stress accent on first syllable.
Nouns
Case:
1. Nominative - gyyn 'woman' gyynt 'women'
2. Genitive -an/-n gyynan 'of woman' gyyntan 'of women'
3. Instrumental -eč/-č gyyneč 'with woman' gyynteč 'with women'
4. Vialis -ak/-k gyynak 'through woman' gyyntak 'through women'
5. Ablative -oth/-th gyynoth 'from woman' gyyntoth 'from women'
6. Allative -od/-d gyynod 'to woman' gyyntod 'to women'
7. Locative -la gyynla 'in woman' gyyntla 'in women'
8. Benefactive -ke gyynke 'for woman' gyyntke 'for women'
Number:
Singular - gyyn 'woman' berk 'wolf'
Plural -t /-ət gyynt 'women' berkət 'wolves'
Verbs
Aspect:
Imperfective - joodh- 'to see'
Iterative -jəl- joodhjəl- 'to see many times'
Perfective -ta- joodhta- 'to see (action performed)'
Voice:
Active - joodh - 'to see'
Passive -ar/-r joodhar- 'to be seen'
Causative -ew-/-w joodhew- 'to show'
Passive-Causative -eḫ-/-ḫ- joodheḫ- 'to be shown'
Mood:
Indicative - joodh- 'to see'
Conditional -baa- joodhbaa- 'would to see'
Jussive -nii joodhnii- 'should to see'
Person:
Singular / Plural
1. -an/-n joodhan 'I am seeing' / -ant/-nt joodhant 'We are seeing'
2. -as/-s joodhas 'thou art seeing' / -ast/-st joodhast 'you are seeing'
3. -af/-f joodhaf 'he/she/it is seeing' / -aft/-ft joodhaft 'they are seeing'
Tense:
Non-past - joodhan 'I am seeing'
Past - special copular verb + participle vahan joodha 'I was seeing'
Participle:
Adjectival -a joodha 'seeing'
Adverbial -o joodho 'seeing'
Gerund/Infinitive:
-ul joodhul 'seeing'
Adjectives
-a čajva 'good'
Degrees of comparison:
Positive - čajva 'good'
Comparative -iit- čajviita 'better'
Superlative -aal- čajvaala 'best'
Adverbs
-o čajvo 'well'
Degrees of comparison:
Positive - čajvo 'well'
Comparative -iit- čajviito 'better'
Superlative -aal- čajvaalo 'best'
Numerals
Cardinal:
1. ažat
2. nagaan
3. kraba
4. dhanan
5. thengan
6. tarb
7. madhal
8. ḫagdan
9. merve
10. caadur
11. ažatcaad
20. nagaancaad
21. nagaancaad ažat
100. tuslak
1.000. gadžak
Ordinal -n-a ažatna
Multiplicative -laar-a ažatlaara
Reproductive -rad-a ažatrada
Distributive -c-a ažatca
Fractional -uj-a ažatuja
Pronouns
Personal pronouns:
1. ni 'I' rat 'We'
2. mu 'thou' vet 'you'
3. es 'he/she/it' ḫet 'they'
Possessive pronouns:
Masculine Feminine
1. nija 'my' ratja 'our'
2. muja 'thy' vetja- 'your'
3. esja 'his/her/its' ḫetja 'their'
Prepositions
Locational:
er 'in'
ha 'on'
hava 'above'
hon 'under'
veer 'beside'
dyyn 'away'
čəən 'between'
zəəv 'behind'
dha 'out'
gagler 'around'
turdh 'before'
hadol 'during'
by 'after'
Other:
četh 'without'
erbeel 'instead'
zəəver 'against'
pahac 'despite, though'
ergyyl 'along, according to'
Particles
Conjunctions:
Paratactical conjunctions:
a 'and'
ača 'also'
ve 'or'
laa 'but'
še 'so'
də 'than'
Hypotactical conjunctions:
ko 'to, for'
čaža 'although'
boo 'because'
peča 'if'
nedhi 'that, providing'
Modifiers:
ažo 'only'
kayo 'yet'
Polarity particles:
dha 'yes'
ma 'no'
Syntax
Word order:
SOV (Subject - Object - Verb)
Describing word - Described word
Copular verb:
ut- 'to be'
Word formation
Derivation:
Agentive / Related person -ca mladz- 'to speak' → mladzca 'speaker' vagu 'cow' → vaguca 'cowman'
Place -man mladz- 'to speak' → mladzman 'rostrum'
Diminutive -(ə)ni šuul 'son' → šuulni 'little son'
Augmentative -baa dov 'mountain' → dovbaa 'grand mountain'
Related abstract -neen bast 'brother' → bastneen 'brotherhood'
Instrument -tok mredž- 'to destroy' → mredžtok 'instrument for destroying'
Instance -eh mladz- 'to speak → mladzeh 'speech'
Possessive / Affiliative -as-a hark 'horse' → harkasa 'equine'
Originative -m-a ningir 'sky' → ningirma 'celestial'
Similaritive -pral-a merk 'cat' → merkprala 'felid'
Feature -eh-a puur 'hair' → puureha 'hairy'
Privative ma-.-eh-a džaaf 'tooth' → madžaafeha 'toothless'
Consonants:
/p t k/ [p t k]
/b d g/
/t͡s t͡ʃ/ [c č]
/d͡z d͡ʒ/ [dz dž]
/ɸ θ s ʃ x ħ/ [f th s š ḫ h]
/β ð z ʒ ɣ ʕ/ [v dh z ž x r]
/m n/ [m n]
/l/ [l]
/j w/ [j w]
Vowels:
/i ɨ u/
/e o/ [e o]
/ə/ [ə]
/a/ [a]
/iː ɨː uː/ [ii yy uu]
/eː oː/ [ee oo]
/ə/ [əə]
/aː/ [aa]
Phonotactics:
CRVCC
R = /ħ ʕ l j w/
Accent:
Stress accent on first syllable.
Nouns
Case:
1. Nominative - gyyn 'woman' gyynt 'women'
2. Genitive -an/-n gyynan 'of woman' gyyntan 'of women'
3. Instrumental -eč/-č gyyneč 'with woman' gyynteč 'with women'
4. Vialis -ak/-k gyynak 'through woman' gyyntak 'through women'
5. Ablative -oth/-th gyynoth 'from woman' gyyntoth 'from women'
6. Allative -od/-d gyynod 'to woman' gyyntod 'to women'
7. Locative -la gyynla 'in woman' gyyntla 'in women'
8. Benefactive -ke gyynke 'for woman' gyyntke 'for women'
Number:
Singular - gyyn 'woman' berk 'wolf'
Plural -t /-ət gyynt 'women' berkət 'wolves'
Verbs
Aspect:
Imperfective - joodh- 'to see'
Iterative -jəl- joodhjəl- 'to see many times'
Perfective -ta- joodhta- 'to see (action performed)'
Voice:
Active - joodh - 'to see'
Passive -ar/-r joodhar- 'to be seen'
Causative -ew-/-w joodhew- 'to show'
Passive-Causative -eḫ-/-ḫ- joodheḫ- 'to be shown'
Mood:
Indicative - joodh- 'to see'
Conditional -baa- joodhbaa- 'would to see'
Jussive -nii joodhnii- 'should to see'
Person:
Singular / Plural
1. -an/-n joodhan 'I am seeing' / -ant/-nt joodhant 'We are seeing'
2. -as/-s joodhas 'thou art seeing' / -ast/-st joodhast 'you are seeing'
3. -af/-f joodhaf 'he/she/it is seeing' / -aft/-ft joodhaft 'they are seeing'
Tense:
Non-past - joodhan 'I am seeing'
Past - special copular verb + participle vahan joodha 'I was seeing'
Participle:
Adjectival -a joodha 'seeing'
Adverbial -o joodho 'seeing'
Gerund/Infinitive:
-ul joodhul 'seeing'
Adjectives
-a čajva 'good'
Degrees of comparison:
Positive - čajva 'good'
Comparative -iit- čajviita 'better'
Superlative -aal- čajvaala 'best'
Adverbs
-o čajvo 'well'
Degrees of comparison:
Positive - čajvo 'well'
Comparative -iit- čajviito 'better'
Superlative -aal- čajvaalo 'best'
Numerals
Cardinal:
1. ažat
2. nagaan
3. kraba
4. dhanan
5. thengan
6. tarb
7. madhal
8. ḫagdan
9. merve
10. caadur
11. ažatcaad
20. nagaancaad
21. nagaancaad ažat
100. tuslak
1.000. gadžak
Ordinal -n-a ažatna
Multiplicative -laar-a ažatlaara
Reproductive -rad-a ažatrada
Distributive -c-a ažatca
Fractional -uj-a ažatuja
Pronouns
Personal pronouns:
1. ni 'I' rat 'We'
2. mu 'thou' vet 'you'
3. es 'he/she/it' ḫet 'they'
Possessive pronouns:
Masculine Feminine
1. nija 'my' ratja 'our'
2. muja 'thy' vetja- 'your'
3. esja 'his/her/its' ḫetja 'their'
Prepositions
Locational:
er 'in'
ha 'on'
hava 'above'
hon 'under'
veer 'beside'
dyyn 'away'
čəən 'between'
zəəv 'behind'
dha 'out'
gagler 'around'
turdh 'before'
hadol 'during'
by 'after'
Other:
četh 'without'
erbeel 'instead'
zəəver 'against'
pahac 'despite, though'
ergyyl 'along, according to'
Particles
Conjunctions:
Paratactical conjunctions:
a 'and'
ača 'also'
ve 'or'
laa 'but'
še 'so'
də 'than'
Hypotactical conjunctions:
ko 'to, for'
čaža 'although'
boo 'because'
peča 'if'
nedhi 'that, providing'
Modifiers:
ažo 'only'
kayo 'yet'
Polarity particles:
dha 'yes'
ma 'no'
Syntax
Word order:
SOV (Subject - Object - Verb)
Describing word - Described word
Copular verb:
ut- 'to be'
Word formation
Derivation:
Agentive / Related person -ca mladz- 'to speak' → mladzca 'speaker' vagu 'cow' → vaguca 'cowman'
Place -man mladz- 'to speak' → mladzman 'rostrum'
Diminutive -(ə)ni šuul 'son' → šuulni 'little son'
Augmentative -baa dov 'mountain' → dovbaa 'grand mountain'
Related abstract -neen bast 'brother' → bastneen 'brotherhood'
Instrument -tok mredž- 'to destroy' → mredžtok 'instrument for destroying'
Instance -eh mladz- 'to speak → mladzeh 'speech'
Possessive / Affiliative -as-a hark 'horse' → harkasa 'equine'
Originative -m-a ningir 'sky' → ningirma 'celestial'
Similaritive -pral-a merk 'cat' → merkprala 'felid'
Feature -eh-a puur 'hair' → puureha 'hairy'
Privative ma-.-eh-a džaaf 'tooth' → madžaafeha 'toothless'