Proto-Caspian
Posted: 11 Jul 2016 22:49
Proto-Caspian is the name of a PIE-derived language i have been working and reworking on for some time now. The name is simply to place it somewhere in our world before I haul it over to my conword where I shall collide it with the native languages there. Thus P.Casp is very much like any other early stage IE language and retains much of the irregular inflection of PIE.
But for now I just want to write out the language. Partly to showcase it and partly to actually have it written down in a cohesive manner.
Sound changes
Stage I: PIE > Pre-P.Casp
Interaction of PIE *e before and after laryngeals.
*e > ē ā ō / _{h1, h2, h3,} -change affected across diphthongs.
*e > e a o / {h1, h2, h3,}_
*i *u *o > ī ū ō / _H
*Ḥ > ā / C_C
*H > u / #_C
Metathesis of larygeal + vocalic liquid pairs. an irregular sound change, usually occurred in reduced 0-grade stems.
*HṚ *ḶH > ṚH ḶH
The interaction of vocalic consonants before laryngeals goes as follows:
Assimilation of *m before coronals.
*m *ṃ > n ṇ / _ {*s *t *d *ḱ *ǵ *y *ṇ}
Vocalic consonants de-vocalize before vowels and other vocalic consonants:
*ṃ *ṇ > m n / _V
*ṃ *ṇ > wa ya
Apocope after stops but not aspirated stops nor labio-velars1:
*s > ∅ / P_
Palatalization of stops before front vowels. Not that labiovelars were unaffected by this. Note, *á was treated as a front vowel.
*k *g *gʰ *ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ > č j ĵ ś ź ẑ / _{front vowels}
Merger of labio-velars with plain-velars
*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ > *k *g *gʰ
Loss of voice of voiced aspirated stops. Note satemization of *ǵʰ
*bʰ *dʰ *ǵʰ *gʰ > pʰ tʰ šʰ kʰ
Fricativization of voiceless stops before stops.
*p *t *k *ḱ > f ś x ç / _{stop}
Some form of the ruki sound law. Though *w and *y did not trigger this change.
s > š / _{*r *u *k *i} -
S-S-SATEMIZATION!!!
ḱ ǵ > š ž
Epenhetic w is added between long vowels
w / V̄_V̄
V̄V and VV̄ segments are simplified to V̄
Loss of laryngeals :'c
H > ∅
1. possibly because *kʷ *gʷ and *gʷʰ where treated as ku gu and gʰu early on
Stage II: Pre-P.Casp > P.Casp
Fricativization of aspirated stops. Note initial~medial forms.
pʰ tʰ šʰ kʰ > f ś~c š~č x
Formation of diphthongs Vi and Vu.
Vy Vw > Vi Vu
Debuccalization of initial s and rise of the glottal? ḥ!
s > ḥ / #_
Assimilation of x.
x > ḥ
Fusion of s and y sequences.
sy > ś
ys > ś
Metatethis of ḥC giving rise to an array of Cḥ clusters.
ḥC > Cḥ
Lengthening of vowels around ḥ.
V > V̄ / _ḥ but not _ḥV̄
V > V̄ / Cḥ_ but not V̄Cḥ_
Fortuition of ḥ after n.
ḥ > g /n_
Fricativization of consonants preceding ḥ.
p t k b d g > f c ḥ w ź ġ / _ḥ
Loss of glottals post consonantly.
ḥ > ∅ /C_
Nasalization of voiced stops finally.
b d g > mb nd ng / _#
Final Inventory for Early P.Casp
I've been using my own notation so far so i shall give the IPA aproximation and the rough orthography:
Consonants:
/m n
p b t d k g
tʃ dʒ1 dʒ2 tɕ dʑ~ʑ1 dʑ2
f s ʃ ʒ ɕ1 ɕ2 χ~ɦ1 χ~ɦ2
j w r l/
<m n
p b t d k g
č j ĵ c ź ẑ
f s ś š ž ś ç h ġ
y w r l>
Vowels:
Short
tonic: /i æ u/ <í á ú>
atonic: /ɪ ə ʊ/ <i a u>
Long
tonic: /i: e: a: o: u:/ <î ê â ô û>
atonic: /i: e: a: o: u:/ <ī ē ā ō ū>
diphthongs:
/əɪ aɪ əʊ æʊ/ <ai ái au áu>
----
And that's about it! Bit more complicated with many exceptions but I may delve into that later. For now, have some word comparisons with related languages Sanskrit and Avestan.
Numerals:
áigas /'æ̀ɪ̯.gəs/
dwṓ /'dwô:/
tráyas /'træ̀.jəs/
gatwár /gət'wǽr/
pánga /'pæ̀ŋ.gə/
wā́š /'wâ:ʃ/
hāftwá /χa:f.'twǽ/
açtṓu /əɕ2.'tô:w/
unáuya /'ʊ̯næ̀ʊ̯.jə/
I think I'll get into nouns in the next post as allophony has a lot to do with the major dialects that surge out of P.Casp in Late-P.Casp.
Toodles~
But for now I just want to write out the language. Partly to showcase it and partly to actually have it written down in a cohesive manner.
Sound changes
Stage I: PIE > Pre-P.Casp
Interaction of PIE *e before and after laryngeals.
*e > ē ā ō / _{h1, h2, h3,} -change affected across diphthongs.
*e > e a o / {h1, h2, h3,}_
*i *u *o > ī ū ō / _H
*Ḥ > ā / C_C
*H > u / #_C
Metathesis of larygeal + vocalic liquid pairs. an irregular sound change, usually occurred in reduced 0-grade stems.
*HṚ *ḶH > ṚH ḶH
The interaction of vocalic consonants before laryngeals goes as follows:
Code: Select all
*h1 *h2 *h3
*ṛ īr ūr ūr
*ḷ īl ūl ūl
*ṃ wā wā wō
*ṇ yā yā yō
*m *ṃ > n ṇ / _ {*s *t *d *ḱ *ǵ *y *ṇ}
Vocalic consonants de-vocalize before vowels and other vocalic consonants:
*ṃ *ṇ > m n / _V
*ṃ *ṇ > wa ya
Apocope after stops but not aspirated stops nor labio-velars1:
*s > ∅ / P_
Palatalization of stops before front vowels. Not that labiovelars were unaffected by this. Note, *á was treated as a front vowel.
*k *g *gʰ *ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ > č j ĵ ś ź ẑ / _{front vowels}
Merger of labio-velars with plain-velars
*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ > *k *g *gʰ
Loss of voice of voiced aspirated stops. Note satemization of *ǵʰ
*bʰ *dʰ *ǵʰ *gʰ > pʰ tʰ šʰ kʰ
Fricativization of voiceless stops before stops.
*p *t *k *ḱ > f ś x ç / _{stop}
Some form of the ruki sound law. Though *w and *y did not trigger this change.
s > š / _{*r *u *k *i} -
S-S-SATEMIZATION!!!
ḱ ǵ > š ž
Epenhetic w is added between long vowels
w / V̄_V̄
V̄V and VV̄ segments are simplified to V̄
Loss of laryngeals :'c
H > ∅
1. possibly because *kʷ *gʷ and *gʷʰ where treated as ku gu and gʰu early on
Stage II: Pre-P.Casp > P.Casp
Fricativization of aspirated stops. Note initial~medial forms.
pʰ tʰ šʰ kʰ > f ś~c š~č x
Formation of diphthongs Vi and Vu.
Vy Vw > Vi Vu
Debuccalization of initial s and rise of the glottal? ḥ!
s > ḥ / #_
Assimilation of x.
x > ḥ
Fusion of s and y sequences.
sy > ś
ys > ś
Metatethis of ḥC giving rise to an array of Cḥ clusters.
ḥC > Cḥ
Lengthening of vowels around ḥ.
V > V̄ / _ḥ but not _ḥV̄
V > V̄ / Cḥ_ but not V̄Cḥ_
Fortuition of ḥ after n.
ḥ > g /n_
Fricativization of consonants preceding ḥ.
p t k b d g > f c ḥ w ź ġ / _ḥ
Loss of glottals post consonantly.
ḥ > ∅ /C_
Nasalization of voiced stops finally.
b d g > mb nd ng / _#
Final Inventory for Early P.Casp
I've been using my own notation so far so i shall give the IPA aproximation and the rough orthography:
Consonants:
/m n
p b t d k g
tʃ dʒ1 dʒ2 tɕ dʑ~ʑ1 dʑ2
f s ʃ ʒ ɕ1 ɕ2 χ~ɦ1 χ~ɦ2
j w r l/
<m n
p b t d k g
č j ĵ c ź ẑ
f s ś š ž ś ç h ġ
y w r l>
Vowels:
Short
tonic: /i æ u/ <í á ú>
atonic: /ɪ ə ʊ/ <i a u>
Long
tonic: /i: e: a: o: u:/ <î ê â ô û>
atonic: /i: e: a: o: u:/ <ī ē ā ō ū>
diphthongs:
/əɪ aɪ əʊ æʊ/ <ai ái au áu>
----
And that's about it! Bit more complicated with many exceptions but I may delve into that later. For now, have some word comparisons with related languages Sanskrit and Avestan.
Spoiler:
áigas /'æ̀ɪ̯.gəs/
dwṓ /'dwô:/
tráyas /'træ̀.jəs/
gatwár /gət'wǽr/
pánga /'pæ̀ŋ.gə/
wā́š /'wâ:ʃ/
hāftwá /χa:f.'twǽ/
açtṓu /əɕ2.'tô:w/
unáuya /'ʊ̯næ̀ʊ̯.jə/
I think I'll get into nouns in the next post as allophony has a lot to do with the major dialects that surge out of P.Casp in Late-P.Casp.
Toodles~