TBPO's Scratchpad that prevents the CBB from drowning in his conlangs

[TBPO]

Arkasian Nouns

Arkasian nouns inflect by animacy, case and number.

INA SG PL
ERG -e -ē
ABS -/ -a
GEN -o -ó
INS -i -ī

ANI SG PL
ERG -ī -ö
ABS -i -ē
GEN -ö -ā
DAT -ü -ö
INS -e -ā

Note that dative is inflected only on animates; on inanimates genitive is used instead.

INFLECTION OF WORD KĀ

battlespear ERG - kase
battlespear ERG - kasē
battlespear ABS - kā
battlespears ABS - kasa
of/to battlespear - kaso
of/to battlespears - kasó
battlespear INS - kasi
battlespears INS - kasī

battlespearsman ERG - kasī
battlespearsmen ERG - kasö
battlespearsman ABS - kasi
battlespearsmen ABS - kasē
of battlespearsman - kasö
of battlespearsmen - kasā
battlespearsman DAT - kasü
battlespearsmen DAT - kasö
battlespearsman INS - kase
battlespearsmen INS - kasā

Spoiler:

for battlespearsman - kāsö kīre
for battlespearsmen - kāsā ware
against battlespearsman - kāsö kūde
against battlespearsmen - kāsā wēe
These cases (Benefactive and Malefactive) can be obtained by deixis construction. They are morphologically Dative, but they have deixis pronouns as modifiers.

Edit: Replaced ņ with ö.

Edit: Replaced kās with kā (kas-), sword with battlespear and warrior with battlespearsman.

[WeepingElf]

Why is 'sword' animate, but 'warrior' inanimate? Especially the latter puzzles me.

[TBPO]

Why is 'sword' animate, but 'warrior' inanimate? Especially the latter puzzles me.

Oops... I did a mistake... Thank you! I already corrected it.

[TBPO]

Arkasian Morphophonology
I decided to have also deeper level of phonology - morphophonology (Apasssa infected me with passion to it).

|p t k|
|n N|
|l j w H h|
|a y|

|ah*(h#) an anhh#| /a: e i:/
|aja ajah*(h#) ajan ajanhh#| /e e: i: 2:/
|awa awah*(h#) awan awanhh#| /o o: 2: a:/
|y yh*(h#) yn ynhh#| /(a) a i e:/
|yjy yjyh*(h#) yjyn yjynhh#| /i i: e a:/
|ywy ywyh*(h#) ywyn ywynhh#| /u u: y 2:/
|N| to |n|
|pn tn kn| /b d g/
|hp hpn| /wp wb/
|nw nj| /m N/
|ll jj ww hh| /r g b s/
|H| /X\/
|aj ai ahi| /ai̯ ai̯ ai̯/

(# is word border)
*|Vh| can form long vowel only before a consonant other than |p| and word border (eventually preceded by another |h|).

Edit: Added |N|. Uppercase-letter morphophonemes exist only in loanwords.

Edit: Replaced |s| with |hh| and replaced /1:/ with /2:/.

Edit: Now long vowels can be created by |h| without |h#| after it.

[Visions1]

You know, morphophonology just suits you.

[TBPO]

You know, morphophonology just suits you.

Morphophonology suits Arkasian because it has a lot of regular sound changes that can be easily explained in this way.

[TBPO]

Arkasian Pronouns

Code: Select all

     1SG 1PL 2SG 2PL 3INA 3ANI    3PL
ABS  ti  dē  si  sē  e    ko/kay  tó
GEN  tü  dā  sü  sā  no   kī/kaye tosa
DAT  do  dö  so  sö  te   kar     tī
INS  de  dā  se  sā  hó   kó      tó
BEN* tī  dar se  sā  -    kīr     war
MAL* dó  dor sī  suf -    kūd     wē

*Benefactive and Malefactive.
(3ANI ABS and GEN inflect for gender: in A/B former for masculine, latter for feminine.)

---

-e can be attached to a personal pronoun to get deixis pronouns. Deixis constructions are noun phrases with deixis pronoun as modifier, and they have two uses:
1. If deixis pronoun agrees in case with a noun, the latter gains a deixis.
2. If deixis pronoun is Benefactive or Malefactive and a noun is Dative, the latter absorbs the case of the former.

---

Edit: Added 3rd person pronouns.

Edit: Added 3rd plural.

Edit: Described deixis construction.

[eldin raigmore]

Why is 'sword' animate, but 'warrior' inanimate? Especially the latter puzzles me.

Oops... I did a mistake... Thank you! I already corrected it.

Similar to Greek /hoplite/?

[TBPO]

Why is 'sword' animate, but 'warrior' inanimate? Especially the latter puzzles me.

Oops... I did a mistake... Thank you! I already corrected it.

Similar to Greek /hoplite/?

Cn you explain it?

[eldin raigmore]

Similar to Greek /hoplite/?

Cn you explain it?

Why is it called a hoplite?
Yes, Greek hoplites are named after their shields. The term ``hoplite'' comes from the Greek word ``hoplon,'' which refers to the heavy round shield that these soldiers carried. Hoplites were heavily armed foot soldiers in ancient Greece, typically equipped with a spear, a sword, and the distinctive hoplon shield.Aug 10, 2020

Are Greek hoplites named after their shields? - Quora

quora.com

IIUC, a hoplon is a shield, and is inanimate. But a hoplite is a shield-carrying shield-user, and is normally masculine, or if not masculine, at least human.
I’m not sure I understand correctly. Is that pretty similar to the difference between your conlang’s words for “sword” and “swordsman” ?

[TBPO]

Similar to Greek /hoplite/?

Cn you explain it?

Why is it called a hoplite?
Yes, Greek hoplites are named after their shields. The term ``hoplite'' comes from the Greek word ``hoplon,'' which refers to the heavy round shield that these soldiers carried. Hoplites were heavily armed foot soldiers in ancient Greece, typically equipped with a spear, a sword, and the distinctive hoplon shield.Aug 10, 2020

Are Greek hoplites named after their shields? - Quora

quora.com

IIUC, a hoplon is a shield, and is inanimate. But a hoplite is a shield-carrying shield-user, and is normally masculine, or if not masculine, at least human.
I’m not sure I understand correctly. Is that pretty similar to the difference between your conlang’s words for “sword” and “swordsman” ?

Yes, you understand it correctly.

[TBPO]

Arkasian Verbs

Verbs in Arkasian inflect for person, gender, number and evidentiality. The first three (I'll later refer to they as just "person") are fused, but fourth is separate and comes before the first three. Unlike in other languages, in Arkasian adverbs are incorporated into the verbs and come between evidentiality and person. (In Arkasian, adverbs are just any verb modifiers.)

root + evidentiality (+ adverb) + person

(adverbs are incorporated into the verb)

Evidentiality

There are 9 evidentialities:
-Visual - Used when a speaker saw the event.
-Nonvisual - Used when speaker sensed the event without a sight.
-Active - Used when speaker participated in the event.
-Speculative - Used when speaker speculates about an event. Often used for permissions.
-Credive - Used either when speaker believes that the event happened or feel it with intuition or when the event is a general law. Often used for obligations.
-Inferential - Used when speaker found an direct and obvious evidence that the event happened.
-Deductive - Used when speaker deduce from non-direct and non-obvious clues that the event happened.
-Hearsay - Used when speaker heard about an event and he/she's not sure that it happened.
-Quotative - Used when speaker heard about an event and he/she's sure that event happened.

Spoiler:

For example, possible modifications of sentence "my wife is dead" by evidentials above are presented below:
-Visual - I saw my wife being killed.
-Non-visual - I heard a scream of my dying wife.
-Active - I killed my wife. / X attacked me and my wife; I escaped, but my wife was killed.
-Speculative - This is risky plan; if it fails, my wife can be killed. / I allow X to kill my wife.*
-Credive - I feel that my wife is dead. / I command X to kill my wife.*
-Inferential - I saw the body of my wife.
-Deductive - She should return here days ago; probably she's dead.
-Hearsay - I heard that my wife is dead, but I'm not sure is it true.
-Quotive - I heard that my wife is dead and I'm sure that it's true.

*First and second meaning can be distinguished with non-deontic marker -tay.

Code: Select all

VIS -a
NVIS -i
ACT -ö
SPC -sü  (from verb sül "to be possible, to permit, to be able to")
CRD -e  (from verb lan "to be sure that")
INF -ar
DED -nes  (from noun nē "proof, truth")
HRS -so  (from adjective tsol "common")
QUOT -asēr  (from noun lasayr "glory")

Person

Code: Select all

      SG  PL
1    -te -tö
2    -se -sö
3INA -ha -tā
3MAS -/
3FEM -kü

(Plural of 3rd person doesn't inflect on animacy nor gender)

Other

GENERAL
Infinitive -ī

SOME ADVERBS
Question -le
Non-deontic marker -tay (also verb "to do, happen")
Negation -re
Passive -d(a)

---

Edit: Changed -ti and -si to -te and -se.

Edit: Added -re and -d(a).

[TBPO]

Derivation

I decided to add derivational morphology.

-ah name of feature
-i/y adjective/adverb*
sal…o place
ņö…o tool
lay…ö person

Edit: -(a)t noun
-re negation

The last three two prefixes are strange - they cause the word they modify to always end with -o, but the prefix take over the ending of the word. In other words - with prefix, the word inflectionally behave like a noun-genitive pair! (But in other cases it behave as one word)

Edit: *adjective derivation is almost obsolete and replaced with genitive of nouns. It preserved only in: colors, quantifiers, derivation from verbs (but only in formal speech) and words formed with -ah.and cases when a.d. is an basic form.

[TBPO]

Arkasian Questions

Closed questions are obtained by verb suffix -l. Open questions are obtained by replacing unknown information by special word associated with type of that information.

Code: Select all

     INA ANI  ADJ
ERG  ņe  ņī   say
ABS  ņa  ņi   seya
GEN  ņo  ņö   söl
DAT  -   ņü   sa
INS  ņi  ņe   seyw
BEN  -   ņār  salat
MAL  -   ņoyw sur

V     LOC   ALL  ABL   TMP  by*
ņayat thay  thī  thēl  tho  ņor

*cause or reason of action

[TBPO]

Kīne!

Lest go on the more practical side. Let me start with greetings.

The most used greeting is kīne. It also means the same as Latin felix + health, but it rarely matter. It's half-formal greeting. What it means? It means that it's used in everyday communication. It isn't used when greeting family or friends (informal) or in official contexts (formal), but in situation when people know themselves from sight, but have no close relation.

The other greetings are: informal kī and formal rósüre si. The latter literally means "(beast) may not tear you apart", but mor adequate translation is "I hope you to not being teared apart by beasts". To understand that, you must know conworld context.

Taray, an isolated continent that is Arkasians' home, isn't the most same place in the conworld. It's the land of predators, where you must kill or be killed. Normally when predators evolve, prey also evolve to escape better. But in Taray an unexpected thing happened - prey stopped running, turned around and started to kill. And tear. There is no "pray" - there is predator or dead animal. When humans came there, they were prehistorical autochtons - an easy nibble for killing machines that are technically called "animals". Most of the humans died, but a few survived. And they started the hunt. Now they have conquered whole Taray, but predators never started to be a prey - they are equally dangerous, so hoping someone to not die brutally is especially polite.

[TBPO]

Participles and subclauses

Participles are constructed in a following way:
verb root + i/y + tense + b/d + agreement with noun*

*case is of subclause, not of main clause.

(b=active, d=passive)
V - the action
X - the person/thing that do V/that V is did on.
Tense can be following:
-past -/ - used when V was did in th past.
-present -a - used when V is did now.
-active -ö - used when the speaker is in some way related to V.
-future -sü - used when V will be did in the future.
-propertial -e - used when doing V is a constant property X.

Participles behave like adjectives, except they can modify only nouns.

hwarī - to deal a blow (INF)
hwarib - that dealed a blow
hwarid - that blow was dealed on
hwaryab - that deals a blow
hwaryad - that blow is dealt on
hwaryöb - that deals a blow (speaker participates)
hwaryöd - that blow was dealt on (speaker participates)
hwarisüb - that will deal a blow
hwarisüd - that blow will be dealt on
hwaryeb - blowdealing (constant property)
hwaryed - blowdealed (constant property)

Noun-participle constructions are simultaneously subclauses. Other nouns can be joined to the subclause by suffix -(a)p.

Kasī hwaraha ti. - Battlespear deals me a blow.
Kā hwaryabī tip. - Battlespear that deals me a blow.

[TBPO]

Making Arkasian From Start (the 4th time!)
I had so many ideas that I realised that implementing these ideas in order is pointless, so I scrapped current iteration of Arkasian and created it 4th time.
Around 20 last posts of this thread was about 3rd iteration. It was the compilation of best ideas from previous two, with new ideas that add the depth to it.
You can look on 2nd iteration at the beggining of this thread after link which redirects to the first version.

I'm making this post in a hurry, so I will post phonology later.

[TBPO]

Arkasian Phonology AGAIN

Arkasian is a language spoken in isolated land of predators, Taray. Arkasian, like Mačallar, evolved from Southern Taric, which evolved from Proto-Taric. Arkasian is in a state presented below just before colonists came to Taray.

/p b t~c d~ɟ k~c g~ɟ/ p b t~c d~g k~c g
/ɸ s ʃ ħ h/ f s š hh h
/m n~ɲ ŋ~ɲ/ m n~ņ ņ
/l ɾ r/ l r rr
/j ɥ w/ y wy~yw w

/i iː y ɨ ʉ ʉː~oː/ iy ī uy(w) i u ū(~ō)
/e eː øː o oː/ e ē ö o ō
/ə̆ ɜ ɜː/ h ä äe
/a aː/ a ā
/ai̯ ɜi̯/ ay äy

Aa Āā Ää Bb Cc Dd Ee Ēē Ff Gg Hh Ii Īī Kk Ll Mm Nn Ņņ Oo Ōō Öö Pp Rr Ss Šš Tt Uu Ūū Ww Yy

C(X)VC
X=f, s, š, h, y, wy, w

[consonant cluster chart will be added later]

Issues:
-/t d n k g ŋ/ are pronounced [c ɟ ɲ c ɟ ɲ] and written <c g ņ c g ņ> before or after /i/.
-/ɸ/ is phonemic only before or after /y ʉ ʉː øː o/. Elsewhere it occurs only before /w/ as allophone of /h/.
-/h/ is /ʃ/ before /i(ː)/.
-/r/ is phonotactically a geminate of /ɾ/.
-/ɥ/ is written <yw> word-finally and <wy> elsewhere.
-/ʉː/ is usually [ʉː] in informal speech and [oː] in formal. The pronouncation in half-formal speech relies on dialect and social class.
-/ə̆/ exists only in unstressed syllables, where it's separator of forbidden consonant clusters, and word-finally, where it's silent but still it's phonemically a vowel. In the former case it's written <ä>. In the latter case it's written with these rules:
1. if word ends with a consonant, it's written as geminate.
2. if word ends with a vowel, <h> is added word-finally.
-/y/ is written <uy> before <ņ> or <uyw> elsewhere

Edit: Changed /j̩ ï ÿ/ to /i ɨ ʉ/; added /y/; /i ɨ ʉ/ are romanized <iy i u>; /y/ is written <uy> before <ņ> and <uyw> elsewhere.

[TBPO]

Unnamed Conlangs #3

Proto-lang

(mix of X-SAMPA and IPA)
/p: p b t: t d k: k g/ π p b θ t d ξ k g
/φ φ: s s: S S: x x:/ f φ s σ c ζ h χ
/m m: n n: N N:/ m μ n ν γ γn
/l l: r r:/ l λ r ρ
/j w/ ι β

/{ ε e i @ u o O α/ ε e é i ă u ó o a
/ai/ η

Word-initially elongated consonants can't appear except /p: t: k:/ which are pronounced as short word-initially but they elongate next vowel in such case.
CVC?, Penultimate stress (for now)
100% isolating; head-initial

SG -
PL.MASC tufă
PL.FEM sη
PL.NEU cil
PL.TRS εχóγ
HON.SG ηdi loσε
HON.PL ηtór lóσun

Explanation:
MASCuline - men, people with irrevelant sex
FEMinine - women
NEUter - animals, plants, inanimate objects, human-made objects, materials
TRanScendental - unreachable/divine things, deities, elements, forces of nature
HONorific - Added to appropriate word, it express respect.

Conlang

/pγ p b tγ t d kM\ k g/ π p b θ t d kγ k g
/f xw s sγ S Sγ x h/ f φ s σ c ζ χ h
/m~mb mγ n~nd nγ N (M\_~)~Ng/ m(b) μ n(d) ν γn γ~ng
/l ł r R\/ l λ r ρ
/j w/ ι β

protolang V | normally | next to a velarized consonant
/{/ *ε | /{/ ε | /@/ ă
/ε/ *e | /e/ e | /@/ ă
/e/ *é | /e/ e~é | /1/ í
/i/ *i | /i/ i | /1/ í
/@/ *ă | - or syllabic consonant | /@/ ă
/u/ *u | /u/ u | /}/ ú
/o/ *ó | /o/ o~ó | /}/ ú
/O/ *o | /o/ o | /M/ υ
/α/ *a | /α/ a | /@/ ă
/ai/ *η | /i/ η | /1/ í

Historical *é and *ó are in modern Conlang written as é and ó word-finally and in -ór ending and as e and o elsewhere.
CVC? Penultimate stress (for now)
analytic, head-initial

INDEF.SG -/
INDEF.PL -ε~ă
DEF.SG -é~í
DEF.PL.NONVEL -o
DEF.PL.VEL:
CL1 -υ tuf
CL2 -υ sη
CL3 -υ cil
CL4 -υ ăχúγ
HON.SG -i~í irlíς
HON.PL -ór~úr itoríσún

Explanation:
INDEFinite - object unknown to listener / general object
DEFinite - specific object known to listener
NONVELarized - when word doesn't end with velarized phoneme
VELarized - when word end with velarized phoneme
CL1, CL2, CL3, CL4 - these four classes used to be genders, but semantic change twisted everything so much that they lost the meaning. For example, a word for a drunk, hăν, is in CL3 because it comes from a neuter word harăn "pig"; similarly, mbató "child" is CL4 because it comes from a transcendental word mató "sun".

[TBPO]

I have a conworld crysis. I scrapped the idea that Arkasians live on island filled with predators, because I no longer want them to be isolated. Generally I realized that I need a low fantasy/historical conworld in which I'll put most of my artlangs. I decided to summarize (almost) every artlang that I posted.

Artlang summary:
-Arkasian is a language of brutal wolf-riders with spears.
-Mahhalar/Maćallar/Mačallar together with Arkasian forms Taray family.
-Patak family is spoken by inhabitants of tropical islands.
-Unnamed Conlang is a language of nomads in southern deserts.
-Ngwonlyok family
-Unnamed Conlang #2 (does it belong to Patak family?)
-Byntšá
-Unnamed Conlang #3 Family
-Unnamed Conlang #4

I also need to summarize the fundamental features of Arkasian:
-fricatives /s ħ h/;
-/ɥ/ and /ai̯/;
-vowel length distinction with /y/-/øː/;
-declination based on vowel length and historical nasalization;
-nouns inflect for case, number and animacy;
-verbs inflect for evidentiality and person;
-animacy can be used derivationally;
-culture of brutal wolf-riders with spears.